GoldSrc

id Tech 2 ▶ 金源 ▶ 起源 ▶ 起源2

金源引擎

Screenshot in-game of 半衰期, using the GoldSrc Engine.

Developer(s)

Valve Corporation(en)

Release date(s)

1998年11月19日

Platform(s)

Windows, macOS, Linux, Xbox, PlayStation 2

Written in

C++(en), C(en), Assembly language(en)

SDK

Half-Life SDK(en)

License

Proprietary(en) (source code available for non-commercial purposes)

Links

GitHub page
(source code & bug reports)

Successor

起源

金源 (也被称为GoldSource, 以前简称为半衰期引擎) 是由Valve于1996年创造的3D电子游戏引擎。 它是90年代末、00年代初许多著名游戏的引擎, 如半衰期, 军团要塞 经典, 反恐精英, 与 胜利之日。金源引擎是雷神之锤引擎的魔改版本，运行在C++上（带有一些C）。金源引擎及其关卡编辑器Valve Hammer Editor由 Valve 发布供公众使用，使其成为无数社区mod的开发工具。

金源引擎被它的继任者替代，即2004年所发布的 起源,目前它是Valve游戏mod的首选引擎。 尽管金源引擎已经过了巅峰时期，但许多玩家和一些开发者仍热衷于开发模组与游戏。

至 2023 年，Valve 正在积极更新和维护该引擎，最近随着半衰期的 25 周年更新，增加了引擎限制并修复了许多错误。

一张半衰期：蓝色行动的截图, 展示了基本的阴影

一张恐惧之泣的截图, 它运行在一个大量修改的金源上

一张反恐精英：零点行动, 使用了更高清的玩家模型的贴图。

Xbox上反恐精英的一张截图

特性

待完善: 在这里展开或添加链接

• 集群AI - NPC(en)可以聚集在，使用Houndeyes来看见对方
• 骨骼动画 - 与《雷神之锤》中的顶点动画相比，骨骼动画更加稳定
• 更多边数 - 比《雷神之锤》更加精细的模型，允许更多的边数
• 高清模型
• 脚本序列 - 广泛用于讲述《半条命》的故事
• 玩家机器人(en) (仅存在于 之中),
• A3D/EAX 硬件加速音频 - 改进了 DSP(en) 音效（例如消除回声的嗡嗡声），并添加了环绕声支持（自 2013 年 SteamPipe 更新以来已删除）。

自2003年来的Steam更新

• VGUI2(en) - Valve 的自定义 GUI 界面，类似于大多数 Windows 控件。
• 游戏内广告 （ 反恐精英，自 SteamPipe 以来已删除） - 于 2007 年推出。

自2013年来的SteamPipe更新

• macOS 支持
• Linux 支持

自25周年纪念来的更新

• 减少引擎限制 - Valve 减少了引擎限制，允许更多实体和详细地图。
• func_vehicle(en) 实体 ，来自 反恐精英
• 原生 Steam Deck 支持
• Steam Input(en) 支持 - 添加了 Steam Input支持，使游戏能够支持更多控制器。

渲染器(en)

金源有两种渲染器： 软件加速(en) 和 OpenGL(en)（之前有三个，因为Direct3D 7(en)支持在 2013 年 SteamPipe 更新中被删除），这两个渲染器都有差异。

• 彩色照明 - 雷神之锤只有单色照明
• 透明纹理 - 地图里可以弄玻璃了
• 透明水体
• 水波纹
• 水波
• 动态光圈模拟 - a自动调整屏幕亮度。类似于起源的HDR(en)。 (仅存在于 之中)
• 精细的纹理(en) (仅存在于 之中)

错误:自 25 周年更新以来，细致纹理渲染已被破坏。  [todo tested in ?]

• 纹理过滤 - 首次引入于GLQuake，一个在 OpenGL 上运行的雷神之锤版本。
• 高清模型(en) - 游戏内模型的多边形和纹理质量更高。

自2013年来的SteamPipe更新

• FBO 渲染器 - 一种新的渲染游戏方法，它允许 MSAA 与 GoldSrc 引擎一起使用。这也允许游戏在无边框窗口中以全屏方式运行，并且与显示器不同的纵横比（例如，16：9 上的 4：3）不会被拉伸以填充黑条。

注意：你可以使用启动项-nofbo禁用新的 FBO 渲染器，注意，这也将禁用 MSAA。

• MSAA 抗锯齿(en) - 金源现在原生支持抗锯齿，特别是 MSAA 4X，这在大多数现代硬件上默认启用。这将减少锯齿状边缘/阶梯对几何体的影响。

自25周年纪念来的更新

• 着色器支持 (OpenGL)
  • 借助着色器支持，它还修复了在 OpenGL 下无法正常工作的过亮照明问题。
• 模板阴影

注意：此功能最初来自 GLQuake。要启用，必须设置为r_shadows 1

• 软件加速(en) 在 Linux上的支持

版本和分支

此物品需要清理以符合更高的质量标准。
如需帮助，请参阅 VDC 编辑帮助和维基百科清理过程。另外，请记住在本文的讨论页检查标记者留下的任何笔记。

待完善: 其中大多数不是分支;分支同时存在，而不是完全取代旧的代码库。.

待完善: SDK 2.1、2.2 和 2.3 何时发布？

小作品

这篇文章是一个小作品，您可以帮助我们完善它。

Year	Version	Company	Features	Base	Notes
1998 [澄清]	v1.0.x.x/SDK v1	Valve Software	Per-texture palettes Colored lighting Skeletal Models Support for HW accelerated audio (EAX/A3D)	Quake (id Tech 2)	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl
2000[澄清]	v1.1.x.x/SDK v2.0	Valve Software	VGUI Prediction-based Networking Miles Sound System (since 2001)	v1.0.x.x/SDK v1	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl
2001 (leak)[澄清]	Dreamcast	Captivation Digital Laboratories Gearbox Software	Compressed model textures	v1.0.1.3/SDK v1	v30 .bsp, v11 .mdl
2001	PlayStation 2	Gearbox Software	LOD models	Dreamcast[citation needed]	v40 .bs2, v10 .dol
2002	007: Nightfire	Gearbox Software	Direct3D 8 renderer MSAA support	v1.1.x.x/SDK v2.0 (For PC)[citation needed]	v42 .bsp, v14 .mdl Console version uses custom in-house engine while PC version uses heavily modified GoldSrc.
2003	Xbox	Ritual Entertainment Turtle Rock Studios	Improved lighting Dynamic iris simulation (HDR-like brightness adjust)	Counter-Strike: Condition Zero engine branch earlier version[citation needed]	v30 .bsp, v11 .mdl, .sxwad format instead of wad
2003	Counter-Strike Neo engine branch	Namco	Heavily modified OpenGL Renderer Native linux support	v1.1.x.x/SDK v2.0 证实:only for ver.1 Counter-Strike: Condition Zero engine branch (ver.2)[citation needed]	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl [证实]
2003	Day of Defeat	Valve Software	VGUI2 Widescreen resolution support	v1.1.x.x/SDK v2.0	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl
2003	Steam	Valve Software Turtle Rock Studios Gearbox Software[citation needed] Ritual Entertainment	Detail textures Replaced WON (World Opponent Network) master server with Steamworks	v1.1.x.x/SDK v2.0[证实]	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl [证实] Starting with this version, game files are no longer packaged inside .pak files, and instead either stored directly on filesystem, or stored in .gcf files prior to SteamPipe.
2013	2013 SteamPipe (SDK 2.4)	Valve Software	Linux and Mac support FBO renderer MSAA (4X) support Removed support for EAX/A3D surround sound and Direct3D 6 renderer	Steam	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl
2013	恐惧之泣 引擎分支	Team Psykskallar	Improved Paranoia's OpenGL Renderer	Steam/ Paranoia HLSDK fork[3]	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl [证实]
2016	Svengine	Sven Co-op Team	AngelScript FMOD audio (restores EAX/surround sound features) Extended engine limits	2013 SteamPipe	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl Significantly modified with extended engine limits and scripting using AngelScript.
2023	25th anniversary, aka HL25 (SDK 2.5)	Valve Software	Increased engine limit Steam Input Shaders High-DPI support for VGUI Widescreen (Hor+) FOV WebM	2013 SteamPipe	v30 .bsp, v10 .mdl Introduced with 半衰期 25th Anniversary Update, fixing various bugs and increased engine limit. The HLSDK was later updated with code introduced with said update.

半条命 SDK

主条目:  半条命 SDK

截止至2013年8月, 它可用于 Steam的 "工具" 选项下。 随之而来的是 Hammer 3.4, 3ds Max 提供了许多切割和制作NPC以及玩家和武器模型的方法, 用于将纹理打包到 WAD 中的工具,有关将语音聊天等联机功能实现到Mod(en)中的详细文档。

最新版本的 SDK 的完整源代码可以在 Valve的Github页面找到

注意： Hammer 3.5 是Valve为金源推出的最后一个官方版本, 可单独下载，例如 Sven Co-op SDK

使用金源的游戏

有关更多游戏以及有关使用金源引擎的游戏的文章，请参阅 金源游戏目录(en)

规格

Engine Limits
Limits	金源 Pre-25th	金源 Post-25th	Xash3D	Svengine
Maximum number of dynamic sound channels	8	32	64	N/A
Default max number of server entities (MAX_EDICTS)	900	1200	600 - 8192	8192
Absolute max number of server entities (via liblist.gam edits)	2048	2048	8192	N/A
Maximum number of temporary entities (MAX_TEMPENTS)	500	N/A	300 - 2048	N/A
Maximum number of particles (MAX_PARTICLES)	4096	N/A	1024 - 131072	N/A
Maximum number of beams (MAX_BEAMS)	64	N/A	64 - 512	256
Maximum number of visible entities in the package (MAX_VISIBLE_PACKET)	256	1024	2048	N/A
Maximum number of pre-cacheable models and sprites (MAX_MODELS)	512	N/A	1024 (4096 in FWGS)	8192
Maximum number of pre-cached sounds (MAX_SOUNDS)	512	N/A	2048	4096
Maximum number of entries to read sentences made up of sentences (MAX_SENTENCES)	1536	2048	4096	N/A
Maximum number of user messages (MAX_USER_MESSAGES)	128	N/A	191	N/A
Max number of loaded textures (MAX_TEXTURES)	2048	N/A	4096 (8192 in FWGS)	N/A
Max number of GL textures (MAX_GLTEXTURES)	4800	10000	4096 (8192 in FWGS)	N/A
Number of messages titles.txt (MAX_MESSAGES)	1024	N/A	2048	N/A
Maximum size of indexed textures	512х512	512x512	8192х8192	N/A
Maximum size of full color textures	512х512	512x512	8192х8192	N/A
Maximum number of models on the map (MAX_MAP_MODELS)	256	N/A	768 (1024 in FWGS)	4096
Maximum number of map leafs (MAX_MAP_LEAFS)	8192	N/A	32767	65536
Maximum number of entities per packet (MAX_PACKET_ENTITIES)	256	1024	256	512
Maximum number of spans (software renderer geometry limit)	3000	6000	N/A	Removed
Maximum number of surfaces (software renderer geometry limit)	2000	4000	N/A	Removed
Maximum number of edges (software renderer geometry limit)	7200	14400	N/A	Removed

Bugs and Limitations

本文需要更新以包含有关该主题的当前信息，因为：

Half-Life 25th Anniversary Update fixes a lot and breaks other stuff.

记得在本文的讨论页上查看标记者留下的任何注释。

Use GitHub in order to prevent duplicate or outdated bug reports at the wiki.

错误:Various GoldSrc non-standalone mods has been broken with the recent 半衰期 update, as part of its 25th anniversary. Some of these games would crash on startup with Visual C++ error.
Other games like 军团要塞 经典 was also affected, but appears to work almost perfectly fine aside from HUD scaling fixes were non-functional. And another one such as 反恐精英, which has been fixed to support the 25th anniversary update, may have other problems and issues that can crash the game. Additionally, mods that use custom OpenGL renderer (such as Paranoia (non-Xash3D version) and older version of 恐惧之泣, etc...) will be also crashed on startup aswell (Issues #3710).

解决方案:To temporarily fix this, select the beta branch steam_legacy on 半衰期 (and in some games such as 反恐精英) by going to Half-Life > Properties... > Betas > select steam_legacy. Once those games has been fixed, you can opt out by set the beta branch to "None".

  [todo tested in ?]

错误:Overbright lighting (gl_overbright 1) is broken due to an OpenGL(en) extension used for multi-texturing, which is required for the detail textures(en) used by 反恐精英：零点行动, 胜利之日, and some third-party mods.
This make the color less saturated and lighting much less brighter, as well as introduce chromatic aberration on brightly lit lightmaps.
The issue was fixed in the 25th anniversary update, which deprecated the gl_overbright 1 in favor of gl_use_shaders 1. However, there are more issues that was yet to be fixed with the new overbright lighting.
This issue can be also found on GLQuake(en), but for different reasons.

解决方案:To fix this for the older version of 半衰期 (steam_legacy branch) and most standalone mods, see Overbright lighting section in PCGamingWiki's Half-Life page for more information.

重要:Please note that using DLL-based solutions in VAC-protected multiplayer servers may result in a false positive ban. Use -insecure(en) to disable VAC for local servers. This is not an issue for singleplayer, which is unaffected by VAC. Additionally, GPU driver hacks do not trigger VAC.

注意：Even though the overbright was properly fixed with the 25th anniversary update and with the November 19 hotfix patch, which fixes the brightness issues after enabling overbright, along with another one that fixed the underwater fog bug, models may not be affected by the overbright lighting.

  [todo tested in ?]

错误:On some systems running Windows Vista or later, the engine may suffer from extremely low frame rates during gameplay, especially on Intel iGPUs.

解决方案:

• Set the game (hl.exe) to "High Priority" in Task Manager.
• Disable multitexturing.

  [todo tested in ?]

错误:Creative EAX and Aureal A3D Audio are no longer supported since SteamPipe(en) update in 2013. This also removes support for surround sound, and drastically impacts how certain DSP(en) effects sound (such as buzzing noises on DSP's Weirdo 1-3). A feature request about restoring EAX/A3D sound can be found at GitHub (issue #38).

解决方案:Use MetaAudio; see the Audio section on PCGamingWiki's Half-Life page for more information.

重要:Please note that using MetaAudio in VAC-protected multiplayer servers may result in a false positive ban. Use -insecure(en) to disable VAC for local servers. This is not an issue for singleplayer, which is unaffected by VAC.

  [todo tested in ?]

错误:Running any GoldSrc game other than 半衰期 over around 100-120FPS or higher can cause issues with movable objects (and prior to October 8, 2019 update, NPC turn rate), being slower or faster. Player movements in 反恐精英, 反恐精英：零点行动 and 零点行动 关卡模式, after jumping, will be much slower than normal for few seconds.

注意：NPC turn rate bug will remains existed on most older, non-standalone mods (which was made on a older version of GoldSrc/HL SDK) when loaded on current version of HL1 (or other GoldSrc games) that have this bug fixed unless the dlls file (hl.dll and client.dll) on the mod folder itself was renamed. But keep in mind that this method may breaks some mods and cause it to crash, or made several new additions such as new weapons, new NPCs, etc... from the mod stops working.

  [todo tested in ?]

重要:OpenGL(en) mode is somewhat different from software mode(en). Furthermore, the wave effect on water does not work with software renderer. See patbytes's "Half-Life - A Look at Water" on YouTube. Issue 2165.

花絮

• "金源" 的名称来自 Source(en) 引擎。 半衰期发售的前几个月, 半条命引擎分为两个分支: Src 与 GoldSrc. 金源分支是代码库的gold master 版本, 并用于游戏的最终发布。Src 分支, comparatively, would be continually iterated upon, adding and changing features for use in the sequel(en), with the term "Source Engine" eventually being picked up by marketing.^[1]

参见

• For information about converting GoldSrc content to the Source engine, see Porting GoldSrc content (maps, models, etc.) to Source(en)
• GoldSrc on Wikipedia
• GoldSrc SDK (Half-Life SDK) Documentation(en)
• GoldSrc SteamPipe Directories(en)

外部链接

• Source code + GitHub Issues - bug reports and the GoldSrc source code can be found here.

参考文献

1. User talk:Erik Johnson (Revision as of 12:53, 1 September 2005)
2. Half-Life 25th Anniversary Update
3. Relation between Paranoia & COF