Template:Software page

Note:This template is a work-in-progress, with development currently on hiatus.
It works well enough for widespread usage, however, and should be used on game pages when practical (given game or mod should have screenshots and a 460x215 "cover").

Warning:Due to recent events please do not edit this page without heavy testing as a lot of pages rely on it, if you have any problems contact a experienced user like User:NOUG4AT or User:Equalizer5118

Bug:Date is automatically filled out if only a year is provided, using current date. See here  [todo tested in ?]

Bug:There is an error when specifying the planned release date, for example if you specify a future year. [1]  [todo tested in ?]

Note:Additional potential non-essential features:

• Option to scale background to page width, rather than manually setting pixel size (different users have different resolution viewports). May be difficult with current implementation, slight rework likely needed.
• Parameters for specifying system requirements for each major operating system (e.g.: {{{winram}}}, {{{macram}}} and {{{linuxram}}} for specifying ram requirements for Windows, macOS and Linux)

Template Documentation [view] [edit]

 Available doc translations

…

Subpages

Strings

Sandbox

Testcase

 English

 中文

This template uses a strings subpage
Please follow the format on this subpage(s) to add translations.

Template:Software page

Summary

Provides a layout for software pages

Type

Wrapper template

Contributors

N/A

Creation date

23/02/2023
(23 February 2023)

Notes

N/A

Subpages

Documentation

/doc

Preload

N/A

Sandbox

/sandbox

Strings

/strings

Testcases

N/A

Other

/components

Revision information

Latest editor

Equalizer5118

Last edited

25/03/2024
20240325091601

Revision size

42085 bytes
42.085 kilobytes
0.042085 megabytes

Technical information

Page identifier

49921

Contains translations

Yes

Uses parser functions?

Yes

Uses variables?

Yes

This template enables software pages to use a standardized, universal interface.

To add this template, go to #Copy and Paste section, then adjust the parameters.

Sandbox

This template searches for files based only on the information provided to it in the parameters, that is, you can create a fully functional copy of the conditional Half-Life 2 page anywhere else.

Use the template sandbox for your experiments.

Images

Supported formats: JPG, PNG.

Tip:.JPEG images are identical to .JPG images, so do not be afraid to change the file extension!

Tip:.JPG images are highly recommended for better loading times because they are more compressed, making them perfect for those with insufficient internet connections or those using VPNs for privacy.
Alternatively you can also compress .PNG images using TinyPNG or similar tool without losing quality (aside from little bit of dithering due to 8-bit color) or transparency.

Warning:Avoid JPEG quality levels higher than 98 (or Quality 10+ in Photoshop), as that can result in larger file sizes than a PNG.
Also avoid using Photoshop built-in compression for .PNG files (unless if you want to keep 24-bit color, which can be noticeable when zoomed up), and instead use TinyPNG because it's offer better compression.

Tip:JPEG quality levels lower than 95 are generally unnecessary, and quality levels lower than 90 (or Quality 8 and below in Photoshop) should be avoided.

Maximum number of screenshots: 20.

Tip:Using less screenshots will make the page load faster, around 8-15 should be enough.

Tip:Having screenshots under 1080p or less (with compression) will also benefit those who have insufficient internet connections aswell.

Recommended aspect ratio of screenshots: 16:9/16:10 (,), 4:3 ()

Tip:Do not pad or crop 4:3 screenshots to 16:9/16:10 or vice versa

Recommended cover resolution: 460x215 or 920x430 (for High-res image)

Note:Don't forget to add [[Category:(Game name here)]] and [[Category:Software covers]] category when you upload the cover image.

Tip:Upscaled cover (using AI) is allowed but make sure that it's doesn't look too noisy and bit blurry at the same time.

Tip:The template will automatically resize the cover image to the correct dimensions.

Examples:

• Counter-Strike Source - Background.jpg
• Counter-Strike Source - Trailer Preview.jpg
• Counter-Strike Source - Screenshot 1.jpg
• Counter-Strike Source - Screenshot 2.jpg
• Software Cover - Counter-Strike Source.jpg

Translations:

At the moment, only screenshots have translation support. Below is an example of the names of the translated files.

• Counter-Strike Source - Screenshot 1 (de).jpg
• Counter-Strike Source - Screenshot 1 (ru).jpg
• Counter-Strike Source - Screenshot 1 (zh).jpg

Media:

• You can download a Photoshop document to create a software background.

Developers and Publishers

Use this in {{{developer <2-4>}}} or {{{publisher <2-4>}}}. You can also write something of your own and apply some special formatting to it.

Note:Custom links (for example, [http://valvesoftware.com Valve]) will not work. The introduction of categories has replaced user links to categories of organizations, where all brief information will be located, including links to the organizations websites (i.e., companies, studios, etc.).

Parameter Value	Result
Valve	Valve
Gearbox	Gearbox Software
TRS	Turtle Rock Studios
Ritual	Ritual
MD	Maverick Developments
Outerlight	Outerlight
RS	Reperio Studios
KRG	Kuma Reality Games
Paleo	Paleo
Facepunch	Facepunch Studios
Nexon	Nexon

Modes

Use this in {{{mode <2-4>}}}. You can also write something of your own and apply some special formatting to it.

Parameter Value	Result
SP	Single Player
MP	Multiplayer Game
COOP	Cooperative Game
MMO	MMO

Deck Verified Status

Use this in {{{deck}}}.

Parameter Value	Result	Notes
Not specified	None	Use this if the game was not released on Steam. Simply hides the Deck Verified Status icon.
Verified		Use this if the game was Verified and fully supported on Steam Deck
Playable		Use this if the game was Playable and partially supported with some issues on Steam Deck
Unsupported		Use this if the game was Unsupported and not playable on Steam Deck.
Unknown		Use this if the game was also Unsupported, but marked as "Valve is still working on adding support for this game on Steam Deck" or not marked with anything, which means that this game is not tested.

Check the Deck Verified status on SteamDB or ProtonDB page of a game (or via your Steam Deck library), example: Half-Life 2 App Info page (on SteamDB) or Garry's Mod on ProtonDB, then scroll down and see the Steam Deck Compatibility section (SteamDB only).

Genres

Use this in {{{genre <2-6>}}}. You can also write something of your own and apply some special formatting to it.

Parameter Value	Result
Indie	Indie
FPS	First Person Shooter
TPS	Third Person Shooter
Fighting	Fighting
Arcade	Arcade
Stealth	Stealth
Adventure	Adventure
Platformer	Platformer
PAC	Point & Click
VN	Visual Novel
Racing	Racing
RP	Role Playing
Roguelike	Roguelike
Remake	Remake
HS Hero Shooter	Hero Shooter
MOBA	MOBA
RTS	Real-Time Strategy
Puzzle	Puzzle
Sandbox	Sandbox
Battle Royale	Battle Royale
Zombies	Zombies
Survival	Survival
Horror	Horror

Platforms

Use these in the {{{platform <2-12>}}} parameter. While you can specify your own platform, it is recommended you use these, otherwise the automatic Category placement could not work correctly.

Parameter Value	Result
PC	PC
Xbox	Xbox
X360	Xbox 360
Xbox_One	Xbox One
Xbox_XS	Xbox Series X|S
Ps2	PlayStation 2
Ps3	PlayStation 3
Ps4	PlayStation 4
Ps5	PlayStation 5
Switch	Nintendo Switch
Steamdeck	Steam Deck
Android	Android

Please only put the platforms the game released on; Do not list the entire Xbox series for a game that released on the original (although, if a game released on two consoles from the same family, do list them separately)

Engines and Branches

Use this in {{{engine <2>}}} or {{{branch <2-6>}}}.

Parameter Value	Preview
Engines
GoldSrc	GoldSrc
Source	Source
Source 2	Source 2
Adobe Flash	Adobe Flash
Unity	Unity
Branches
Valve (First-party)
Source 04	Source 2004
Source 06	Source 2006
Source 07	Source 2007
Source 09	Source 2009
Source MP	Source Multiplayer
Source 13	Source 2013
Source 13 SP	Source 2013 Singleplayer
Source 13 MP	Source 2013 Multiplayer
Left 4 Dead	Left 4 Dead engine branch
Alien Swarm	Alien Swarm engine branch
Portal 2	Portal 2 engine branch
CSGO	CS:GO engine branch
Third-party
Titanfall	Titanfall branch
Xen	Xengine
Sven	Svengine
COF	Cry of Fear engine branch
Strata	Strata Source

You can also write something of your own in this parameter(s), but note that without {{{engine <2> template}}}, the text you wrote will be the simplest link.

Metacritic reviews

The background for the Metacritic score box will change depending on what value you input into the {{{metacritic}}} parameter.

Parameter value	Background color	Notes
Any value that prompts an expression error	⇆#303030rgb(48,48,48)⇆	A gray background will be used if all mathematical expressions fail to return a value of 1. In layman's terms, a gray background will (in most cases) be used by default if the value used within the {{{metacritic}}} is non-numerical.
tbd (lowercase only)	⇆#303030rgb(48,48,48)⇆	Same as above.
75 > 100	⇆#66CC33rgb(102,204,51)⇆	Will result in a green background if a number is used that is equal to or greater than 75
50 > 74	⇆#FFCC33rgb(255,204,51)⇆	Will result in a yellow background if a number is used that is equal to or greater than 50.
0 < 49	⇆#FF0000rgb(255,0,0)⇆	Will result in a red background if a number is used that is less than 50.

Opencritic reviews

The background and icon for the Opencritic score box will change depending on what value you input into the {{{opencritic}}} parameter. Additionally, percent (%) of critics recommends will be added if the {{{opencritic 2}}} is specified.

Parameter value	Icon	Background color	Notes
Any value that prompts an expression error	None	⇆#303030rgb(48,48,48)⇆	A gray background will be used if all mathematical expressions fail to return a value of 1. In layman's terms, a gray background will (in most cases) be used by default if the value used within the {{{opencritic}}} is non-numerical.
?	None	⇆#303030rgb(48,48,48)⇆	Same as above.
90 > 100		⇆#FC430Argb(252,67,10)⇆	Will result in an orange background and "Mighty" rating icon if a number is used that is equal to or greater than 90
60 > 89		⇆#9E01B4rgb(158,1,180)⇆	Will result in a magenta background and "Strong" rating icon if a number is used that is equal to or greater than 60
59 > 30		⇆#4CA2CArgb(76,162,202)⇆	Will result in a blue background and "Fair" rating icon if a number is used that is equal to or greater than 30.
0 < 29		⇆#81B06Argb(129,176,106)⇆	Will result in a green background and "Weak" rating icon if a number is used that is less than 29.

Copy and Paste

{{Software page | name = | appid = <!-- Steam App ID - Optional. Some parameters (such as "has workshop") requires App ID to work. --> | shortdesc = | has workshop = <!-- true/false --> | release = | mode = | genre = | platform = | engine = | branch = | developer = | publisher = <!-- If the game does have trailer | trailer = | trailer preview = --> | screenshot 1 = | screenshot 2 = | screenshot 3 = | screenshot 4 = | screenshot 5 = <!-- If the game has Metacritic/Opencritic reviews | metacritic = <score> | metacritic link = | metacritic platform = | opencritic = | opencritic 2 = | opencritic link = --> | desc = {{Software status | appid = <appid> | type = <games/mods/tools> | free = <yes/no> <!-- optional, can be removed. - "No" by default --> | status = <announced/released/delisted/delisted-dl/earlyaccess (ea)/in development (dev/indev)> <!-- More values is available on testcases page. --> | os = all <!-- See template testcases for more values. --> | deck = <deck status> <!-- By default: Unknown. --> | chromebook = <Chromebook ready status> | note = <!-- Put any custom notice here. Optional. --> <!-- OTHER STOREFRONTS This is for games that did uses Valve engines (or closely related to it), that was sold or available for free outside Steam. Works similarly to "note" parameters. Beside that, you can also use this for console versions of the game sold on PlayStation Network (PS)/MS Store (Xbox) Do not use affiliate link as it's can affect users with adblockers. And remember to use "•" for spacing if there are sold in multiple other storefronts. --> | 3rdpartylinks = <!-- Example: "{{gog|vampire_the_masquerade_bloodlines|GOG.com}}" for VTMB (on GOG.com), "{{epic|quake|Epic Games}}" for Quake 1 (on Epic Games Store), etc... --> }}{{MultiPage}} }}

Note:For the list of {{Software status}} parameters, see its template page.

Parameters and Examples

Normal mode

Parameter	Description	Example
{{{name}}}	The full name of the game. Necessary for image detection.	| name = Counter-Strike: Source
{{{filename}}}	A short name or name without restricted symbols in case files cannot use the full name due to system restrictions.	| filename = Counter-Strike Source
{{{type}}}	If specified, the template will replace some categories based on the specified value. Also, the template can add some additional interface elements, if there are any. Avaliable values: Mod Tool Package	| type = Mod | type = Tool | type = Package
{{{appid}}}	Steam AppID. Used in some links.	| appid = 440
{{{steamworks}}}	Includes a page in the Steamworks games category.	| steamworks = true
Topbar
{{{docs}}}	If standard is specified, the template will add a link to <Page Name>/Docs. You can also specify an article located inside this wiki. Removing {{{docs}}} if you want to hide the button.	| docs = standard | docs = Counter-Strike: Source Level Creation
{{{manual}}}	If enabled, adds a button to read the game manuals from Steam. Set {{{manual}}} to false (or left this parameter unspecified) if you want to hide the button.	| manual = true
{{{wiki}}}	Link to a wiki or website or blog.	| wiki = http://wiki.teamfortress.com
{{{website}}}		| website = http://www.teamfortress.com
{{{blog}}}		| blog = http://blog.counter-strike.net
{{{discord}}}	Link to Discord server. Only include invite code ("NcHSmgb")	| discord = NcHSmgb
{{{wikipedia}}}	Link to the Wikipedia page. If true is specified, the full page name or the value from {{{name}}} will be used.	| wikipedia = true | wikipedia = Counter-Strike:_Source
{{{pcgw}}}	Link to the PCGamingWiki page. If true is specified, the full page name or the value from {{{name}}} will be used.	| pcgw = true | pcgw = Team_Fortress_2
Background
{{{background}}}	Disables the background if the value false is specified. By default, the template searches for <Project> - Background.<format>, but you can specify any file in this parameter. External URLs are supported. The supported formats and recommended resolution can be seen in Images.	| background = false | background = [[File:Counter-Strike - Screenshot 1.jpg]] | background = https://www.l4d.com/blog/images/footer_img.jpg
{{{background color}}}	Background color.	| background color = #F1C40F
{{{background gradient}}}	Background gradient.	| background gradient = radial-gradient(ellipse at top, #2980B9, #3498DB)
{{{background size}}}	Background size. Warning:Only for automatically detected images.	| background size = 1800px
{{{background format}}}	Overwrites PNG to JPG for Background. It is needed for cases when you consider JPG more preferable.	| background format = jpg
{{{background opacity}}}	Background opacity. The default value is .1.	| background opacity = .5
Screenshots and Movies
{{{trailer}}}	Link to the trailer.	| trailer = http://cdn.cloudflare.steamstatic.com/steam/apps/256881738/movie480_vp9.webm
{{{trailer preview}}}	Specifies the format of the desired image. After specifying the format, creates a file based on {{{name}}} and {{{filename}}}. See Images for details.	| trailer preview = jpg
{{{screenshot <1-20>}}}	If the image format is specified (JPG or PNG), the template will search for images corresponding to the contents of {{{name}}} or {{{filename}}}. You can also specify any other image by writing its full name with the format. Tip:If your custom screenshot needs translation, add {{#switch: {{language}}|#default = |<language code> = &nbsp;(<language code>)}} before the format.	| screenshot 1 = jpg | screenshot 16 = Counter-Strike 2 - ar_baggage.png | screenshot 16 = Dota Underlords - Screenshot 4{{#switch: {{language}}|#default = |ru = &nbsp;(ru)}}.png
{{{screenshot <1-20> desc}}}	Screenshot description.	| screenshot 7 desc = Particle System
{{{screenshot <1-20> lang}}}	Screenshot translation.	| screenshot 7 lang = {{#switch: {{language}}|#default = |de = de|ru = ru|zh = zh}}
Infopanel
{{{deck}}}	Steam Deck verified status. For avaliable values, see Deck Verified Status.	| deck = Verified
{{{shortdesc}}}	A short description of the software.	| shortdesc = Hello, World!
{{{release}}}	Release date. Available values: Soon – Coming soon TBA – To be announced TBD – To be determined Warning:Do not add a "," on the release date, as this will cause the year to be displayed as the current year (2025).	| release = TBA | release = 3 Mar 2023
{{{release planned}}}	Planned release date. If {{{release}}} is specified, then "Planned release date" is replaced by "Initial release date".	| release planned = 3 Mar 2003
{{{stable release}}}	The version of software that most closely matches the user experience the developers intended.	| stable release = 3 Mar 2003
{{{mode <2-4>}}}	Game mode(s). See Modes for details.	| mode = MP | mode 2 = Indie
{{{genre <2-6>}}}	The genre(s) of the game. See Genres for details.	| genre = Action | genre 2 = FPS
{{{platform <2-12>}}}	Platform(s) the game released on. See Platforms for details.	| platform = PC | platform 2 = Linux
{{{engine <2>}}}	Game engine(s). See Engines and Branches for details.	| engine = GoldSrc | engine = Unity
{{{engine <2> template}}}	Specifies the engine template for custom values.	| engine template = stratabranch | engine 2 template = stratabranch
{{{engine <2> comment}}}	Comments to the right of the engine(es).	| engine comment = Release | engine 2 comment = Port
{{{branch <2-6>}}}	Engine branch(es). See Engines and Branches for details.	| branch = Source 06 | branch 2 = Source 13 MP
{{{branch template}}}	Specifies the engine branch template for custom values.	| branch template = stratabranch
{{{branch <2-6> comment}}}	Comments to the right of the branch(es).	| branch comment = Outdated | branch 2 comment = Steam
{{{developer <2-4>}}}	Game developer(s). See Developers and Publishers for details.	| developer = Valve
{{{publisher <2-4>}}}	Publisher(s) of the game. See Developers and Publishers for details.	| publisher = Valve
{{{workshop}}}	If this is a mod located in the workshop of some game, then you can specify its ID here.	| workshop = 2269588821
{{{moddb}}}	Software location on ModDB. Important:If a game has a ModDB page, specify |type=game	| moddb = mods/black-mesa-blue-shift-remake
{{{metacritic}}}	Metacritic score.	| metacritic = 100
{{{metacritic link}}}	Metacritic review page. Deprecated:Old platform specific URLs was deprecated since the website redesign in Sep 2023. For example, Half-Life 2 (Xbox) Metacritic links, by default, will lead to reviews combining both PC and original Xbox version. Platform-specific reviews since website redesign are now located in game_name/critic-reviews/?platform=pc instead of pc/game_name. Warning:For the new platform specific reviews URL, please use {{=}} in order to avoid breaking templates.	| metacritic link = garrys-mod | metacritic link = the-orange-box/critic-reviews/?platform{{=}}xbox-360 Note:It is recommended to use the below platform-specific parameters instead.
{{{metacritic platform}}}	Changes the link to platform specific reviews. Example value: pc xbox-360 xbox-one playstation-3 playstation-4 playstation-5 nintendo-switch	| metacritic platform = xbox-360
{{{opencritic}}}	Opencritic score.	| opencritic = 100
{{{opencritic 2}}}	Opencritic - Percent of critics who recommended a game. A percent "%" symbols will be added automatically.	| opencritic 2 = 80
{{{opencritic link}}}	Opencritic review page.	| opencritic link = game/9753/dota-2
Software Description
{{{desc}}}	Description of the software. This is the main body of the article, and is usually where the {{MultiPage}} template is placed.	| desc = {{MultiPage}}

Experimental mode

Parameter	Description	Example
{{{experimental}}}	Includes experimental features, if any.	| experimental = true
{{{deckpreset}}}	Selects which compatibility preset to use for the compatibility box. Accepts the following: verified (WIP), playable, unsupported, unsupported-vr (for VR games like The Lab and Half-Life: Alyx), unknown, unknown-vw (game marked as "Valve is working on adding support"). If not specified, it will use the {{{deck}}} parameter.	| deckpreset = verified/playable/etc.
{{{deck learn more}}}	Adds more information at the bottom of the page about the game's deck compatibility. Make sure to not add any repeated phrases!,	| deck learn more = {{Software page/components|DCS|playable|Small text...}} {{Software page/components|DCS|verified|Good preformance...}}
Mod Status
{{{mod status}}}	If page is a mod, adds an incorperated {{ModStatus}} box that uses the status found in this template. The following statuses are supported: alpha beta closed beta open beta (requires {{{mod download}}} to be specified) hold released (requires {{{mod download}}} to be specified) dead	| mod status = open beta
{{{mod of}}}	If page is a mod, states the game that the mod is based on. You can type the full name of the game, or the name of a redirect on this wiki (e.g. Portal 2: Community Edition and P2CE both work because a redirect named P2CE exists on this wiki.).	| mod of = Portal 2
{{{mod download}}}	Describes where the mod can be downloaded. The following parameters are accepted: moddb: uses the link found in the {{{moddb}}} parameter workshop: uses the link found in the {{{workshop}}} parameter steam: uses the AppID found in the {{{appid}}} parameter to generate a steam store link You can also specify your own link. Remember to omit the https://	| mod of = Portal 2
{{{mod mode}}}	Sets the mode of the mod. If not specified, will use the mode in the {{{mode}}} parameter. Supported modes are: SP: the mod is a singleplayer mod MP: the mod is a multiplayer mod Coop: the mod is a coop mod	| mod mode = Coop

Used Categories

Warning:Not all categories can be used by this wiki, so do not turn red into blue if there is nothing in this category.

Games

• Games, Steamworks games
• Released Games
• Official Games, Third Party Games
• GoldSrc games, Source games, Source 2 games
• Third Party GoldSrc Engine Games, Third Party Source Engine Games, Third Party Source 2 Engine Games
• Source 2004 engine branch games, Source 2006 engine branch games, Source 2007 engine branch games, Source 2009 engine branch games, Source MP engine branch games, Source 2013 engine branch games, Source 2013 SP engine branch games, Source 2013 MP engine branch games, Left 4 Dead engine branch games, Alien Swarm engine branch games, Portal 2 engine branch games Counter-Strike: Global Offensive engine branch games
• Valve games, Gearbox Software games, Turtle Rock Studios games, Ritual games, Maverick Developments games, Outerlight games, Reperio Studios games, Kuma Reality Games games, Paleo games, Facepunch Studios games

Mods

• Mods
• Released Mods
• Official Mods, Third Party Mods
• GoldSrc mods, Source mods, Source 2 mods
• Third Party GoldSrc Engine Mods, Third Party Source Engine Mods, Third Party Source 2 Engine Mods
• Source 2004 engine branch mods, Source 2006 engine branch mods, Source 2007 engine branch mods, Source 2009 engine branch mods, Source MP engine branch mods, Source 2013 engine branch mods, Source 2013 SP engine branch mods, Source 2013 MP engine branch mods, Left 4 Dead engine branch mods, Alien Swarm engine branch mods, Portal 2 engine branch mods Counter-Strike: Global Offensive engine branch mods
• Valve mods, Gearbox Software mods, Turtle Rock Studios mods, Ritual mods, Maverick Developments mods, Outerlight mods, Reperio Studios mods, Kuma Reality mods mods, Paleo mods, Facepunch Studios mods

Tools

• Tools
• Released Tools
• Official Tools, Third Party Tools
• Third Party GoldSrc Engine Tools, Third Party Source Engine Tools, Third Party Source 2 Engine Tools
• Source 2004 engine branch tools, Source 2006 engine branch tools, Source 2007 engine branch tools, Source 2009 engine branch tools, Source MP engine branch tools, Source 2013 engine branch tools, Source 2013 SP engine branch tools, Source 2013 MP engine branch tools, Left 4 Dead engine branch tools, Alien Swarm engine branch tools, Portal 2 engine branch tools Counter-Strike: Global Offensive engine branch tools
• Valve tools, Gearbox Software tools, Turtle Rock Studios tools, Ritual tools, Maverick Developments tools, Outerlight tools, Reperio Studios tools, Kuma Reality tools tools, Paleo tools, Facepunch Studios tools

Packages

• Packages
• Released Packages
• Official Packages, Third Party Packages
• Valve packages, Gearbox Software packages, Turtle Rock Studios packages, Ritual packages, Maverick Developments packages, Outerlight packages, Reperio Studios packages, Kuma Reality packages packages, Paleo packages, Facepunch Studios packages

Other

• Upcoming Releases
• Modes, Genres, Platforms

Included Subpages

Below are the subpages that are used by this template for better code readability or something else.

• /components - Content to include in the template.
• /strings - Translatable strings and strings to include in the template.

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Software page/doc. (Edit | Page history)
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit) and testcases (create) pages.