VScript Fundamentals

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This article aims to describe fundamental concepts, and common uses of VScript scripting. It will not go into all concepts related to the language itself, so things such as explaining what are variables or data types will be ignored.

Running Code

VScripts are loaded in a variety of ways, but there are 3 main notable approaches for different scenarios. Below is a list of approaches for the respective Source engine, with a few examples:

Confirm:Is Source 2's method of loading scripts very similar to Source 1's?

Source

Concept		Description
Console Command	script	Runs the inputted text as code. Will all be treated as on one line.
	script_execute	The script with the given name (and path) will be executed from <game>/scripts/vscripts/.
Hammer Inputs	RunScriptCode	Runs the given text as code in one line, but double quotation marks cannot be used as it will corrupt your VMF, so you can't pass strings. Otherwise is identical to scriptcommand.
	RunScriptFile	Start running a script of the same given name. Identical to script_execute command.
	CallScriptFunction	Looks up the local function with the name specified by the parameter, then calls it with no arguments.
VScripts executed automatically	<game>/scripts/vscripts/mapspawn.nut	Scripts of this name run once when a map is loaded for the first time. Can conflict with other scripts. Note:This script is executed before any entities exist so it needs to be delayed most of the time.
	left4dead2/scripts/vscripts/mapspawn_addon.nut (only in )	Identical to the above, except multiple scripts of the same name do not conflict with each other and all run together. Note:Multiplemapspawn_addonall write to the same scope, overwriting any identical non-local functions or variable!

Debugging

It is possible to attach a debugger to running code, which allows to create breakpoints, step line by line, and view the state of all variables during each step. To do that, a community made extension for Visual Studio Code can be used - VScript Debugger It is meant for Source 1 games only. For debugging VScripts in games based on Source 2 there is Eclipse Lua Development Tools

Script Scopes

The scripting environment consists of associative arrays, or tables, nested inside each other. One of these tables is the root table^{[Correct for Lua?]}, containing every other table, function, variable and so on. It can be imagined like a tree hierarchy where the root table is the root, other tables represent nodes and everything else (variables, functions, ...) represents a leaf (containing no more than their "value").

Thus, when a script is loaded, it is placed inside one specific table (referred as its script scope), and any code inside the script is executed. All variables, functions and classes in the script persist in the script scope after the code has finished executing.

Squirrel

Scope for script.2v2.nut, a script for Wingman in

25715b862_script.2v2 = { DispatchOnPostSpawn = (function : 0x09EEC980) self = ([129] logic_script: script.2v2) __vname = "25715b862_script.2v2" PrecacheCallChain = (instance : 0x09CBE850) OnPostSpawnCallChain = (instance : 0x09CBE800) EnableWingman = (function : 0x09EEC900) __vrefs = 1 DispatchPrecache = (function : 0x09EEC940) }

The root table is obtained with getroottable().

You can view every data within the scripting environment scopes using the function below. Save it as a .nut file, use script_execute on the script, then call the function with the root table as the argument using the script command.

From the Left 4 Dead 2 script named sm_utilities.nut: // This function is a slightly edited variant of the one in L4D2 (g_ModeScript.DeepPrintTable()) // // View class instances's functions using instance.getclass() [returns table] // In Squirrel 3, view extra function information like argument count; use function.getinfos() / nativefunction.getinfos() [returns table] ::DeepPrintTable <- function( debugTable, prefix = "" ) { if (prefix == "") { printl(prefix + debugTable) printl("{") prefix = " " } foreach (idx, val in debugTable) { if (typeof(val) == "table") { printl( prefix + idx + " = \n" + prefix + "{") DeepPrintTable( val, prefix + " " ) printl(prefix + "}") } else if (typeof(val) == "string") printl(prefix + idx + "\t= \"" + val + "\"") else printl(prefix + idx + "\t= " + val) } if (prefix == " ") printl("}") } // Usage: // script DeepPrintTable( getroottable() ) Example Output: ] script DeepPrintTable( getroottable().Entities.getclass() ) (class : 0x08800E40) { FindByClassname = (native function : 0x0A759D40) FindByName = (native function : 0x0A759D88) FindByClassnameWithin = (native function : 0x0A75A010) FindByTarget = (native function : 0x0A759E18) FindByModel = (native function : 0x0A759E60) CreateByClassname = (native function : 0x0A759CF8) IsValid = (native function : 0x0A759C20) FindByClassnameNearest = (native function : 0x0A759EA8) FindByNameWithin = (native function : 0x0A759EF0) FindByNameNearest = (native function : 0x0A759F38) Next = (native function : 0x0A759CB0) FindInSphere = (native function : 0x0A759DD0) First = (native function : 0x0A759C68) }

In and there is already the global VScript function __DumpScope(0, <scope/table>) that does the job:

Tested in . ] script __DumpScope( 0, Entities.getclass() ) FindByClassname = (native function : 0x15067450) FindByName = (native function : 0x150679F0) FindByClassnameWithin = (native function : 0x15064AB0) FindByTarget = (native function : 0x15066D00) FindByModel = (native function : 0x15066D48) CreateByClassname = (native function : 0x15065878) IsValid = (native function : 0x15067690) FindByClassnameNearest = (native function : 0x15065680) FindByNameWithin = (native function : 0x150669E8) FindByNameNearest = (native function : 0x150653F8) Next = (native function : 0x15066E68) FindInSphere = (native function : 0x15067B58) First = (native function : 0x15067600)

Script Handles

Interaction with in-game entities is done through script handles, which are custom objects that keep a reference specific entity, by using their entity index. These objects contain methods for getting / setting an entity's properties. Some entities belong to a certain "class", which comes with its own additional unique methods. All server-side entities currently in play can be fetched through methods available from theEntitiesinstance; inheriting the CEntities object. Examples are found below.

See the API reference of the respective game for your project to know all available methods.

Squirrel // Use Entities.FindByClassname to get all "prop_physics" entities local ent = null while( ent = Entities.FindByClassname(ent, "prop_physics") ) { printl(ent) }

Lua -- Use Entities:FindByClassname to get all "func_button" entities local ent = nil while ent = Entities:FindByClassname(ent, "func_button") do print(ent:GetDebugName()) end [confirm]

Entity Scripts

This is only a quick introduction; See the main article for full info.

A common VScript feature is to augment the features of entities using Entity Scripts, which are either the specified scripts in an entity'svscriptskeyvalue, or ones that are appended into an entity by simply using VScripts in engine runtime. Entity Scripts also get access to various features, such as "Input Hooks" or "Think Functions".

In Hammer, the I/O system provides inputs to run code for these entity scripts (theRunScriptCodeinput). For VScripts itself, CBaseEntity class's methods.GetScriptScope()and.ValidateScriptScope()respectively gets or creates an Entity Script at runtime.

I/O system interaction

Execute Code with Inputs

All entities provide three inputs for VScripts:RunScriptFile, RunScriptCode and CallScriptFunction.

• RunScriptFilewill automatically start inscripts/vscripts/, then find the file with the given argument as a name / filepath.
• RunScriptCoderuns the argument as a line of VScript code in the entity's own script scope, which is also often used to run functions of an entity's script at any given moment.
• CallScriptFunction looks up the function in the entity's own script scope with the name given by the argument, then calls it with no parameters. This was added to implement ConnectOutput(), but can be used manually as well. It is equivalent to using RunScriptCode to do the same, except that if the function is not present no error is produced.

Warning:Never use double-quotation marks in any Hammer input, as it will corrupt the VMF. This means that strings cannot be passed withRunScriptCodeinput. In , backticks ( ` ) will be replaced by double-quotation marks at runtime, allowing strings to be passed through RunScriptCode. TeamSpen's Hammer Addons make this workaround available in other games.

Firing Inputs

If available in the game API, scripts can use the EntFire() and EntFireByHandle() functions to fire outputs to map entities. Both take (target, input, param, delay, activator, caller) parameters, but EntFireByHandle() expects a handle to a specific entity to fire at while EntFire takes a targetname/class, like in Hammer. EntFire() allows omitting the last four parameters if you want blank values, but EntFireByHandle does not.

The parameters activator and caller take a script handle or null, and specify the entities referred to by !activator and !caller. This is useful if you want to pass along another specific entity to the target.

Example Squirrel code:

// Sets the health of the entity owning the script scope to 500.
EntFireByHandle( self, "SetHealth", "500", 0, self, self )
// Parents all entities with names starting with "to_move_" to a specific car.
EntFire("to_remove_*", "SetParent", "!activator", 0, the_car, self)

Connecting Outputs

Using the CBaseEntity::ConnectOutput(string output, string function) method, an entity Output can be connected to a function in the script scope of the entity. This is equivalent to manually adding an output which runs CallScriptFunction on !self, but you can add/remove it easily at runtime.

Example Squirrel code:

// Lights a prop on fire when it's used by the player.
function IgniteSelf()
{
	DoEntFire( "!self", "Ignite", "", 0, self, self )
}

// Connects the OnPlayerUse output to the above function.
self.ConnectOutput( "OnPlayerUse", "IgniteSelf" )

Input Hooks

Todo: Migrate to Entity Scripts section, or only go with a basic overview here

When an entity receives an input, the game code will attempt to call a script function of the format Input<Name of Input>() in the receiving Entity Script. If the function returns false, the input is prevented from firing. As with connected output functions, the variables activator and caller are set to the handles of the activating and calling entities.

Note:The input name is case sensitive, and uses the CamelCase format.

Note:Unlike for output functions, these are set correctly in .

Example Squirrel code:

// The script of a door or button. Intercepts the Unlock input,
// and doesn't allow the door/button to unlock until 5 inputs have been received.

UnlockCounter <- 5 // Counter local to the entity script scope.

// Called when the Unlock input is received.
function InputUnlock()
{
	UnlockCounter--

	if( UnlockCounter <= 0 )
	{
		return true // Allows the unlock
	}

	return false // Discards the input
}

Accessing !activator and !caller

When the inputs RunScriptCode, RunScriptFile, CallScriptFunction and InputXX hooks are run, the variables activator and caller are set to the handles of the activating and calling entities before the function is run. After the function is finished, these are reset. This allows for example for an easy way to find which player triggered something.

Glossary

Entity handle

An opaque entity reference passing a C++ EHANDLE. Can only be compared with other handles or passed to API functions expecting them. Only used rarely.

Script handle

An entity instance with accessors and mutators to the C++ entity object. Represented as a HSCRIPT typedef in C++ code.

Script scope

Execution context of a script. A table where the variables, functions and classes of a VScript are placed.

API References

Squirrel

• List of L4D2 Script Functions
• List of Portal 2 Script Functions
• List of CS:GO Script Functions
• List of Team Fortress 2 Script Functions
• List of Reactive Drop Script Functions
• List of Nuclear Dawn Script Functions
• List of Contagion Script Functions

Lua

• Garry's Mod Scripting API (Facepunch Wiki, No VScript)
• Dota 2 Scripting API (ModDota Site)
• Half-Life: Alyx Scripting API

See also

• Squirrel
• Left 4 Dead 2 Scripting
• Dota 2 Scripting
• Half-Life: Alyx Scripting