Locking Npc Animations
This is a quick guide to locking NPC animations for a custom model. As an example in this tutorial, we will use the Zombie Classic model. Only the decompiling process, locking the animations and recompiling will be covered.
Required tools
- Goldsource / Source engine
- StudioCompiler
- 3DSMax / Cannonfodders 3DSMax .smd import/export plug-ins
- GCFScape
- Adobe Photoshop and VTF Import plugin
Creating a decompile directory to store your .smd, .mdl and texture files
- On your desktop or where-ever, create a directory called
decompile
. - In your mod directory, open your
models
directory (if there isn't one, create it) and create a directory namedZombie
. - Back in your mod directory, open the directory
materials
and create a directory namedmodels
. Under that directory create another directory namedzombie_classic
. It should now look likematerials/models/zombie_classic
.
Extracting the zombie model and its textures.
- Open GCFScape
- Extract the zombie classic model found with GCFscape in
Program Files\Steam\SteamApps\source models
in thedecompile
directory. - Next, extract the zombie textures found with GCFScape in
Program Files\Steam\SteamApps\source materials
in thedecompile
directory.
hl2/materials/Models/Zombie_Classic
.Opening the .VTF files with Photoshop and converting them to .TGA
You need to change the zombie textures you just extracted into targas for viewing later on.
- Launch Photoshop
- Navigate to
file
->open
- Scroll to your
decompile
directory and selectZombie_Classic_Sheet.vtf
. - Navigate to
file
->save as
and save the document as a .targa file in thedecompile
directory. - Repeat the process for the normal map texture.
Decompiling the model
- Open Studio Compiler and select
Model Decompile
. - Next, in the
choose model file
line, select the blue directory icon and open theClassic.mdl
file that you extracted in yourdecompile
directory. - Under
choose output directory
, select the blue directory icon and browse to thedecompile
directory. - Click the
extract
button to decompile your model.
choose model file
.You will notice in the directory you created (make sure you set studio compiler's mdl decompile
to extract the files in the directory you just made) a bunch of files with the extension .smd and a text file with the extension .qc. It will be explained later — for now, we just need the .smd files.
Using 3DSMax
- In 3DSMax, navigate to
File
->Import
. - Select the .smd file type, navigate to the
decompile
directory and select the fileZombie_reference.smd
. ClickOpen
. - A window will pop up asking what you want to import. Check
import triangles
,import skeleton
,prompt for missing textures
,rebuild smoothing groups
and clickOK
. - Another window will pop up asking for the textures you extracted earlier. Under file type, select .targa. Navigate to the
decompile
directory and select the .targa file you created earlier. Load the file.
Now you have your zombie model in the viewport.
Loading animation files
Now, for the part you all have been waiting for: how in the world do you lock the animations?
- Navigate to
File
->Import
, scroll to thedecompile
directory and selecta_walk1.smd
. - This time when the Cannonfodders window pops up, uncheck all the boxes except
import skeleton
. You'll notice the figure change pose. - Scroll the time slider at the bottom to view the animation. You will notice that the model walks in one place, this is where the problem lies.
smd import
, delete it.Moving the root bone
- Press F3 on your keyboard to view the wire frame.
- Zoom into the middle of the model's pelvis area and select the bone labeled
ValveBiped.Bip01_Pelvis
. - To ensure we have selected the correct bone, select the move tool and move the bone around the screen. The entire model should move with the bone. If it does not, try to select the bone again until the model moves with the selected bone.
- Next, select all the time keys at the bottom of the screen.
- Delete all of them except the first one.
- Move your camera to the side of the model.
- Press the
auto key
button at the bottom of the screen. - Move the time slider to the last key.
- Using the move tool, move the model a few feet forward by the root bone.
- Turn off
auto key
. - Scroll the time slider back and forth to view the animation. The model should move back and forth, instead of in one place.
- Navigate to
File
->Export
. For file type select .smd. Scroll to thedecompile
directory and overwrite the existing file nameda_walk1.smd
. - Now import the remaining walk files labeled
a_walk1.smd
,a_walk2.smd
,a_walkNE.smd
,a_walkSW.smd
, etc. and repeat the process to them. Make sure you overwrite all the walk animations with the new ones. - After overwriting all the walk animations with new ones, close 3DSMax.
a_walkSW.smd
, make sure you move the root bone into that direction. Example: move a walk animation labeled A_walkNE.smd
into the north east direction, like so: before, after.Editing the .qc file
- In Notepad or similar, navigate to the
decompile
directory and open the .qc file as shown in the picture. - This step is the most important. We will now officially lock the animations. After every animation line, you have to add the text
LX LY
. - Paste the following code in your .qc file and close it.
$cd "C:\Documents and Settings\Owner\Desktop\decompile" $modelname "Zombie/Classic.mdl" $model "studio" "Zombie_reference.smd" $poseparameter move_yaw -180.00 180.00 360.00 $cdmaterials "models\zombie_classic\" $cdmaterials "models\headcrab_classic\" $hboxset "default" $hbox 2 "ValveBiped.Bip01_Spine1" -8.500 -3.840 -7.120 15.500 9.840 7.730 $hbox 4 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_UpperArm" -1.000 -3.500 -2.500 11.000 3.500 2.500 $hbox 4 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Forearm" -0.500 -1.860 -1.900 10.500 3.110 2.360 $hbox 4 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Hand" 0.000 -1.780 -1.000 6.000 1.230 2.000 $hbox 5 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_UpperArm" -1.000 -3.500 -2.500 11.000 3.500 2.500 $hbox 5 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Forearm" -0.500 -1.890 -1.600 10.500 3.090 2.660 $hbox 5 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Hand" 0.000 -1.780 -2.500 6.000 1.230 0.500 $hbox 6 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Thigh" 0.000 -4.000 -3.730 17.250 4.000 4.290 $hbox 6 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Calf" 0.000 -4.870 -3.540 17.250 3.180 2.630 $hbox 6 "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Foot" -1.500 -2.000 -2.500 7.500 2.000 2.500 $hbox 7 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Thigh" 0.000 -4.000 -3.730 17.250 4.000 4.290 $hbox 7 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Calf" 0.000 -4.920 -3.120 17.250 3.250 2.650 $hbox 7 "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Foot" -1.500 -2.000 -2.500 7.500 2.000 2.500 $hbox 1 "ValveBiped.HC_Body_Bone" -6.590 -5.000 -5.760 8.500 5.000 6.240 // Model uses material "Zombie_Classic_sheet.vmt" // Model uses material "headcrabsheet.vmt" $attachment "headcrab" "ValveBiped.HC_Body_Bone" -4.49 -1.32 -0.02 rotate -0.00 20.25 29.25 $attachment "eyes" "ValveBiped.HC_Body_Bone" 0.00 0.00 0.00 rotate -0.00 0.00 -50.00 $attachment "head" "ValveBiped.HC_Body_Bone" 0.00 0.00 0.00 rotate -0.00 0.00 -50.00 $attachment "chest" "ValveBiped.Bip01_Spine4" -3.00 6.00 0.00 rotate 0.00 60.00 90.00 $attachment "maw" "ValveBiped.Bip01_Spine2" -0.00 8.00 0.00 rotate 0.00 90.00 90.00 $attachment "Blood_Left" "ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Finger2" -0.00 -0.00 0.00 rotate -0.00 -0.00 0.00 $attachment "Blood_Right" "ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Finger2" -0.00 -0.00 0.00 rotate 0.00 -0.00 0.00 $surfaceprop "zombieflesh" $eyeposition 0.000 0.000 64.000 $illumposition 6.562 -2.972 31.757 $sequence Idle01 "Idle01" loop ACT_IDLE 1 fps 30.00 $animation a_WalkS "a_WalkS" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkSE "a_WalkSE" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkE "a_WalkE" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkNE "a_WalkNE" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_walk1 "a_walk1" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkNW "a_WalkNW" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkW "a_WalkW" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $animation a_WalkSW "a_WalkSW" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $sequence walk "a_WalkS" loop ACT_WALK 1 fps 24.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 15 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_LEFT 20 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 28 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 38 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_LEFT 40 } blendwidth 9 blend move_yaw -180.000000 180.000000 a_WalkSE a_WalkE a_WalkNE a_walk1 a_WalkNW a_WalkW a_WalkSW a_WalkS } $animation a_walk2 "a_walk2" loop fps 24.000000 $sequence walk2 "a_WalkS" loop ACT_WALK 1 fps 24.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 7 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_RIGHT 10 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 21 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 31 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_RIGHT 34 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 44 } blendwidth 9 blend move_yaw -180.000000 180.000000 a_WalkSE a_WalkE a_WalkNE a_walk2 a_WalkNW a_WalkW a_WalkSW a_WalkS } $animation a_walk3 "a_walk3" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $sequence walk3 "a_WalkS" loop ACT_WALK 1 fps 24.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 7 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 18 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_LEFT 21 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 32 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 40 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SCUFF_LEFT 44 } blendwidth 9 blend move_yaw -180.000000 180.000000 a_WalkSE a_WalkE a_WalkNE a_walk3 a_WalkNW a_WalkW a_WalkSW a_WalkS } $animation a_Walk4 "a_Walk4" loop fps 24.000000 LX LY $sequence walk4 "a_Walk4" loop ACT_WALK 1 fps 24.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 4 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 16 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 22 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 28 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 43 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 49 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_LEFT 58 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_STEP_RIGHT 67 } } $sequence FireWalk "FireWalk" loop ACT_WALK_ON_FIRE 1 fps 30.00 $sequence FireIdle "FireIdle" loop ACT_IDLE_ON_FIRE 1 fps 30.00 $sequence attackA "attackA" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_RIGHT 25 } } $sequence attackB "attackB" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_RIGHT 25 } } $sequence attackC "attackC" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_LEFT 25 } } $sequence attackD "attackD" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_LEFT 25 } } $sequence attackE "attackE" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_BOTH 25 } } $sequence attackF "attackF" ACT_MELEE_ATTACK1 2 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 5 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_BOTH 25 } } $sequence swatleftmid "swatleftmid" ACT_ZOM_SWATLEFTMID 1 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STARTSWAT 1 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SWATITEM 9 } } $sequence swatrightmid "swatrightmid" ACT_ZOM_SWATRIGHTMID 1 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STARTSWAT 1 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SWATITEM 9 } } $sequence swatleftlow "swatleftlow" ACT_ZOM_SWATLEFTLOW 1 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STARTSWAT 1 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SWATITEM 15 } } $sequence swatrightlow "swatrightlow" ACT_ZOM_SWATRIGHTLOW 1 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_STARTSWAT 1 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_SWATITEM 18 } } $sequence releasecrab "releasecrab" ACT_ZOM_RELEASECRAB 1 fps 30.00 $sequence physflinch1 "physflinch1" ACT_FLINCH_PHYSICS 1 fps 30.00 $sequence physflinch2 "physflinch2" ACT_FLINCH_PHYSICS 1 fps 30.00 $sequence physflinch3 "physflinch3" ACT_FLINCH_PHYSICS 1 fps 30.00 $sequence smashfall64 "smashfall64" fps 30.00 { { event AE_NPC_BODYDROP_HEAVY 10 } { event AE_NPC_BODYDROP_HEAVY 27 } { event AE_NPC_BODYDROP_HEAVY 37 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_GET_UP 75 } } $sequence slump_a "slump_a" loop fps 30.00 $sequence slumprise_a "slumprise_a" fps 30.00 { { event AE_NPC_LEFTFOOT 15 } { event AE_NPC_RIGHTFOOT 50 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_GET_UP 80 } } $sequence slumprise_a_attack "slumprise_a_attack" fps 30.00 { { event AE_NPC_LEFTFOOT 15 } { event AE_NPC_RIGHTFOOT 50 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_GET_UP 80 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_SCREAM 16 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_ATTACK_RIGHT 36 } } $sequence slumprise_a2 "slumprise_a2" fps 30.00 { { event AE_NPC_RIGHTFOOT 16 } { event AE_NPC_RIGHTFOOT 22 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_GET_UP 24 } } $sequence slump_b "slump_b" loop fps 30.00 $sequence slumprise_b "slumprise_b" fps 30.00 { { event AE_NPC_LEFTFOOT 13 } { event AE_NPC_RIGHTFOOT 27 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_GET_UP 57 } } $sequence Breakthrough "Breakthrough" fps 30.00 $sequence canal5await "canal5await" fps 30.00 $sequence canal5aattack "canal5aattack" fps 30.00 $animation mdldecompiler_delta.smd "mdldecompiler_delta.smd" fps 30 $sequence flinch1inDelta "flinch1inDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch1inFrame "flinch1inFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch1CoreDelta "flinch1CoreDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch1OutFrame "flinch1OutFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch1outDelta "flinch1outDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch1 "flinch1" ACT_GESTURE_FLINCH_HEAD 1 fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch2inDelta "flinch2inDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch2inFrame "flinch2inFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch2CoreDelta "flinch2CoreDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch2OutFrame "flinch2OutFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch2outDelta "flinch2outDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch2 "flinch2" ACT_GESTURE_FLINCH_HEAD 1 fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch3inDelta "flinch3inDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch3inFrame "flinch3inFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch3CoreDelta "flinch3CoreDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch3OutFrame "flinch3OutFrame" fps 30.00 $sequence flinch3outDelta "flinch3outDelta" fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence flinch3 "flinch3" ACT_GESTURE_FLINCH_HEAD 1 fps 30.00 subtract mdldecompiler_delta.smd 0 $sequence Tantrum "Tantrum" loop ACT_ZOMBIE_TANTRUM 1 fps 30.00 $sequence WallPound "WallPound" loop ACT_ZOMBIE_WALLPOUND 1 fps 30.00 { { event AE_ZOMBIE_POUND 14 } { event AE_ZOMBIE_POUND 35 } } $sequence ragdoll "ragdoll" ACT_DIERAGDOLL 1 fps 30.00 $ikchain rhand ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Hand knee 0.640 0.769 0.000 $ikchain lhand ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Hand knee 0.607 0.795 0.000 $ikchain rfoot ValveBiped.Bip01_R_Foot knee 0.545 -0.838 0.000 $ikchain lfoot ValveBiped.Bip01_L_Foot knee 0.518 -0.855 -0.000 $collisionjoints "phymodel.smd" { $mass 100.0 $inertia 10.00 $damping 0.10 $rotdamping 3.00 $rootbone "valvebiped.bip01_pelvis" $jointmerge "ValveBiped.Bip01_Pelvis" "ValveBiped.Bip01_Spine1" $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_spine2" x limit -44.00 44.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_spine2" y limit -39.00 39.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_spine2" z limit -32.00 50.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_clavicle" x limit -30.00 30.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_clavicle" y limit -46.00 46.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_clavicle" z limit -26.00 48.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_upperarm" x limit -39.00 39.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_upperarm" y limit -79.00 95.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_upperarm" z limit -93.00 28.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_clavicle" x limit -30.00 30.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_clavicle" y limit -46.00 46.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_clavicle" z limit -26.00 48.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_upperarm" x limit -30.00 30.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_upperarm" y limit -95.00 84.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_upperarm" z limit -86.00 26.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_forearm" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_forearm" y limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_forearm" z limit -149.00 4.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_hand" x limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_hand" y limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_hand" z limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_forearm" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_forearm" y limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_forearm" z limit -149.00 4.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_thigh" x limit -12.00 12.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_thigh" y limit -8.00 75.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_thigh" z limit -97.00 32.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_calf" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_calf" y limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_calf" z limit -12.00 126.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_foot" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.00 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_foot" y limit -25.00 6.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_foot" z limit -15.00 35.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_thigh" x limit -12.00 12.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_thigh" y limit -73.00 6.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_thigh" z limit -93.00 30.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_calf" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_calf" y limit 0.00 0.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_calf" z limit -8.00 126.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_foot" x limit 0.00 0.00 0.00 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_foot" y limit -19.00 19.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_l_foot" z limit -15.00 35.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_hand" x limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_hand" y limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 $jointconstrain "valvebiped.bip01_r_hand" z limit -55.00 55.00 0.20 }
Recompiling the model and textures
- Launch Studio Compiler
- Select
Material Compile
- Check all the boxes as seen in the picture.
- Under
Materials
clickAdd
and select the .targa images we made in Photoshop earlier. - Under
TGA for normal map
select the normal map texture indecompile
. - Under
compiled material directory
typezombie_classic
. - Click the
Compile
button, once completed move to the next step. - Select
Model Compile
, then selectCompile with existing qc
. - Select the blue directory icon next to the qc file space.
- Navigate to your
decompile
directory and select the .qc file you just edited. - Press the
compile
icon. - Studio Compiler then begins to process your .smd files.
- Your models have now been recompiled to their appropriate directories.
- Once you are finished, close studio compiler.
Testing your model
Congratulations! You've just completed your first NPC with locked animations. The easiest way to view your models is to make a shortcut to model viewer on your desktop and drag the files onto it.
- Navigate to your Source SDK binary directory at
...\Steam\SteamApps\yourname\sourcesdk\bin
. - Select the program named
hlmv
and right click on it. - Select
Send to
and clickDesktop (create shortcut)
. A shortcut is now on your desktop. - Navigate to your
models
directory in your mod's directory. - Open the
Zombie
directory. - Select the model
Classic
and drag it onto thehlmv
shortcut. The model viewer opens. - Under the
Render
tab, select theGround
checkbox. - Select the
Sequence
tab and select thewalk
animation. - The ground underneath the model should now move, which means that the model will change position in game.
For further assistance, feel free to contact original author Frederick Ellis at [email protected].