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#REDIRECT [[BSP (Source)]]
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''This article is based on [[User:Rof|Rof's]] [http://web.archive.org/web/20050426034532/http://www.geocities.com/cofrdrbob/bspformat.html "The Source Engine BSP File Format" from October 2005], retrieved from Geocities before the service shut down. A mirror to the original version can be found [http://www.bagthorpe.org/bob/cofrdrbob/bspformat.html here].''
 
{{toc-right}}
 
== Introduction ==
 
This document describes the structure of the [[BSP]] file format used by the Source engine. The format is similar but not identical to the BSP file formats of the [[GoldSrc|Half-Life 1 engine (GoldSrc)]], which is in turn based on the Quake, Quake II and QuakeWorld file formats, plus that of the later Quake III Arena. Because of this, Max McGuire's article, [http://www.flipcode.com/archives/Quake_2_BSP_File_Format.shtml Quake 2 BSP File Format] is also of invaluable help in understanding the overall structure of the format and the parts of it that have remained the same or similar to its predecessors.
 
This document is an extension of notes made by Rof during the writing of his Half-Life 2 BSP file decompiler, [[VMEX]]. It therefore focuses on those parts of the format necessary to perform [[Decompiling Maps|map decompilation]] (conversion of the BSP file back into a [[VMF]] file which can be loaded by the Hammer map editor).
 
Most of the information in this document comes from the Max McGuire article referenced above, from the source code included in the Source SDK (particularly the C header file ''public/bspfile.h''), and from Rof's own experimentation during the writing of VMEX.
 
A certain familiarity with C/C++, geometry, and Source mapping terms is assumed on the part of the reader. Code (mostly C structures) is given in a <code>fixed width font</code>. Sometimes the structures as shown are modified from their actual definitions in the SDK header files, for reasons of clarity and consistency.
 
== Overview ==
 
The BSP file contains the vast majority of the information needed by the Source engine to render and play a map. This includes the geometry of all the polygons in the level; references to the names and orientation of the textures to be drawn on those polygons; the data used to simulate the physical behaviour of the player and other items during the game; the location and properties of all brush-based, model (prop) based, and non-visible (logical) entities in the map; and the BSP tree and visibility table used to locate the player location in the map geometry and to render the visible map as efficiently as possible. Optionally, the map file can also contain any custom textures and models used on the level, embedded inside the map's Pakfile lump (see below).
 
Information not stored in the BSP file includes the map description text displayed by multiplayer games (such as [[Counter-Strike: Source]] or [[Half-Life 2: Deathmatch]]) after loading the map (stored in the file ''mapname''.txt) and the AI navigation file used by non-player characters (NPCs) which need to navigate the map (stored in the file ''mapname''.nav). Because of the way the Source engine file system works, these external files may also be embedded in the BSP file's [[#Pakfile|Pakfile]] lump, though usually they are not.
 
Official map files are stored in the [[Game Cache File|Steam Game Cache File (GCF)]] format, and are accessed through the Steam file system by the game engine. They can be extracted from the GCF files using Nemesis' [[GCFScape]] for perusal outside of Steam. Newer games that are using the [[VPK]] file format usually have their maps stored directly on the file system of the operating system.
 
The data in the BSP file can be stored in little-endian for PC/Mac or in big-endian for PS3/X360. Byte-swapping is required when loading a little-endian file on a big-endian format platform such as Java and vice versa.
 
== BSP file header ==
 
The BSP file starts with a header. This structure identifies the file as a Valve Source Engine BSP file, identifies the version of the format, and is then followed by a directory listing of the location, length, and version of up to 64 subsections of the file, known as ''lumps'', that store different parts of the map data. Finally, the map revision is given.
 
The structure of the header is given in the SDK's ''public/bspfile.h'' header file, a file which will be referencing extensively throughout this document. The header is 1036 bytes long in total:
 
{{as}} In Alien Swarm, this struct has been renamed to BSPHeader_t.
<source lang="cpp">struct dheader_t
{
int ident;                // BSP file identifier
int version;              // BSP file version
lump_t lumps[HEADER_LUMPS];  // lump directory array
int mapRevision;          // the map's revision (iteration, version) number
};</source>
 
Where <code>ident</code> is a 4-byte magic number defined as:
 
<source lang="cpp">// little-endian "VBSP"  0x50534256
#define IDBSPHEADER (('P'<<24)+('S'<<16)+('B'<<8)+'V')</source>
 
The first four bytes of the file are thus always <code>VBSP</code> (in ASCII). These bytes identify the file as a Valve BSP file; other BSP file formats use a different magic number (such as for id Software's Quake engine games, which start with <code>IBSP</code>). The [[GoldSrc]] BSP format does not use any magic number at all. The order of the magic number can also be used to determine the endianness of the file: <code>VBSP</code> is used for little-endian and <code>PSBV</code> for big-endian.
 
The second integer is the version of the BSP file format (BSPVERSION); for Source games, it ranges from 19 to 21 with exception of VTMB, which uses an earlier version of the format, 17 (see table below). Note that BSP file formats for other engines (HL1, Quake series, etc.) use entirely different version number ranges.
 
=== Versions ===
 
This table gives an overview over the different BSP versions being used in some games based on the Source Engine.
 
{| class="standard-table"
! Version !! Games !! Notes
|-
| 17
| [[wikipedia:Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines|Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines]]
| modified: dface_t
|-
| 17-18
| {{hl2}} [[Half-Life 2|Half-Life 2 (Beta)]]
| leaked beta
|-
| 19
| {{game link|Sin Episodes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 19-20
| {{game link|Half-Life 2}}
| rowspan="4" | 19 when released, partially 20 since Source 2007/2009 update
|-
| {{game link|Half-Life 2: Deathmatch}}
|-
| {{game link|Counter-Strike: Source}}
|-
| {{game link|Day of Defeat: Source}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | 20
| {{game link|Half-Life 2: Episode One}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Half-Life 2: Episode Two}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Half-Life 2: Lost Coast}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Garry's Mod}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Team Fortress 2}}
| modified ( newly compiled maps ): StaticPropLump_t ( version = 10 ), LZMA compressed game lumps, entity info and PAK files
|-
| {{game link|Portal}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Left 4 Dead}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t ( version = 8 ) and dworldlight_t
|-
| {{game link|Zeno Clash}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t ( version = 7 )
|-
| {{game link|Dark Messiah}}
| modified: dheader_t, StaticPropLump_t, texinfo_t, dgamelump_t, dmodel_t
|-
| [[wikipedia:Vindictus|Vindictus]]
| many modified structs
|-
| {{game link|The Ship}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t
|-
| {{game link|Bloody Good Time}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t
|-
| rowspan="7" | 21
| {{game link|Left 4 Dead 2}}
| modified: lump_t, old dbrushside_t
|-
| {{game link|Alien Swarm}}
|
|-
| {{game link|Portal 2}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t ( version = 9 ), dbrushside_t and other structs
|-
| {{game link|Counter-Strike: Global Offensive}}
| modified: StaticPropLump_t ( version = 10 )
|-
| {{game link|Dear Esther}} (commercial release)
| modified: StaticPropLump_t
|-
| {{game link|The Stanley Parable}} (commercial release)
|
|-
| {{game link|Tactical Intervention}}
| 256-bit XOR encryption
|-
| 22
| rowspan="2" | {{game link|Dota 2}}
| early betas, modified: dbrushside_t, ddispinfo_t
|-
| 23
| modified: dbrushside_t, ddispinfo_t, doverlay_t
|-
| 27
| {{game link|Contagion}}
|
|-
| 29
| {{game link|Titanfall}}
| heavily modified
|}
 
For more details on game-specific BSP formats, see [[Source BSP File Format/Game-Specific]].
 
=== Lump structure ===
 
Then follows an array of 16-byte <code>lump_t</code> structures. HEADER_LUMPS is defined as 64, so there are 64 entries. However, depending on the game and version, some lumps can be undefined or empty.
 
Each <code>lump_t</code> is defined in ''bspfile.h''<nowiki>: </nowiki>
 
<source lang="cpp">struct lump_t
{
int fileofs; // offset into file (bytes)
int filelen; // length of lump (bytes)
int version; // lump format version
char fourCC[4]; // lump ident code
};</source>
 
The first two integers contain the byte offset (from the beginning of the bsp file) and byte length of that lump's data block; an integer defining the version number of the format of that lump (usually zero), and then a four byte identifier that is usually 0, 0, 0, 0. For compressed lumps, the fourCC contains the uncompressed lump data size in integer form (see section [[#Lump compression|Lump compression]] for details). Unused members of the lump_t array (those that have no data to point to) have all elements set to zero.
 
Lump offsets (and their corresponding data lumps) are always rounded up to the nearest 4-byte boundary, though the lump length may not be.
 
=== Lump types ===
 
The type of data pointed to by the <code>lump_t</code> array is defined by its position in the array; for example, the first lump in the array '''(Lump 0)''' is always the BSP file's entity data (see below). The actual location of the data in the BSP file is defined by the offset and length entries for that lump, and does not need to be in any particular order in the file; for example, the entity data is usually stored towards the end of the BSP file despite being first in the lump array. The array of lump_t headers is therefore a directory of the actual lump data, which may be located anywhere else in the file.
 
The order of the lumps in the array is defined as:
 
{| class="standard-table"
!Index
! width="100" |Engine
!Name
!Purpose
|-
| 0 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_ENTITIES || Map entities
|-
| 1 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PLANES || Plane array
|-
| 2 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_TEXDATA || Index to texture names
|-
| 3 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_VERTEXES || Vertex array
|-
| 4 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_VISIBILITY || Compressed visibility bit arrays
|-
| 5 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_NODES || BSP tree nodes
|-
| 6 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_TEXINFO || Face texture array
|-
| 7 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_FACES || Face array
|-
| 8 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LIGHTING || Lightmap samples
|-
| 9 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_OCCLUSION || Occlusion polygons and vertices
|-
| 10 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LEAFS || BSP tree leaf nodes
|-
| 11 || {{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_FACEIDS || Correlates between dfaces and Hammer face IDs. Also used as random seed for [[detail prop]] placement.
|-
| 12 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_EDGES || Edge array
|-
| 13 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_SURFEDGES || Index of edges
|-
| 14 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_MODELS || Brush models (geometry of brush entities)
|-
| 15 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_WORLDLIGHTS || Internal world lights converted from the entity lump
|-
| 16 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LEAFFACES || Index to faces in each leaf
|-
| 17 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LEAFBRUSHES || Index to brushes in each leaf
|-
| 18 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_BRUSHES || Brush array
|-
| 19 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_BRUSHSIDES || Brushside array
|-
| 20 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_AREAS || Area array
|-
| 21 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_AREAPORTALS || Portals between areas
|-
| rowspan=3 | 22 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PORTALS || {{confirm|Polygons defining the boundary between adjacent leaves?}}
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_UNUSED0 || Unused
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PROPCOLLISION || Static props convex hull lists
|-
| rowspan=3 | 23 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_CLUSTERS || Leaves that are enterable by the player
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_UNUSED1 || Unused
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PROPHULLS || Static prop convex hulls
|-
| rowspan=3 | 24 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PORTALVERTS || Vertices of portal polygons
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_UNUSED2 || Unused
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PROPHULLVERTS || Static prop collision vertices
|-
| rowspan=3 |25 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_CLUSTERPORTALS || {{confirm|Polygons defining the boundary between adjacent clusters?}}
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_UNUSED3 || Unused
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PROPTRIS || Static prop per hull triangle index start/count
|-
| 26 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_DISPINFO || Displacement surface array
|-
| 27 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_ORIGINALFACES || Brush faces array before splitting
|-
| 28 || {{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_PHYSDISP || Displacement physics collision data
|-
| 29 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PHYSCOLLIDE || Physics collision data
|-
| 30 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_VERTNORMALS || Face plane normals
|-
| 31 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_VERTNORMALINDICES || Face plane normal index array
|-
| 32 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_DISP_LIGHTMAP_ALPHAS || Displacement lightmap alphas (unused/empty since Source 2006)
|-
| 33 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_DISP_VERTS || Vertices of displacement surface meshes
|-
| 34 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_DISP_LIGHTMAP_SAMPLE_POSITIONS || Displacement lightmap sample positions
|-
| 35 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_GAME_LUMP || Game-specific data lump
|-
| 36 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LEAFWATERDATA || Data for leaf nodes that are inside water
|-
| 37 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PRIMITIVES || Water polygon data
|-
| 38 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PRIMVERTS || Water polygon vertices
|-
| 39 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PRIMINDICES || Water polygon vertex index array
|-
| 40 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PAKFILE || Embedded uncompressed Zip-format file
|-
| 41 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_CLIPPORTALVERTS || Clipped portal polygon vertices
|-
| 42 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_CUBEMAPS || env_cubemap location array
|-
| 43 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_TEXDATA_STRING_DATA || Texture name data
|-
| 44 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_TEXDATA_STRING_TABLE || Index array into texdata string data
|-
| 45 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_OVERLAYS || info_overlay data array
|-
| 46 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_LEAFMINDISTTOWATER || Distance from leaves to water
|-
| 47 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_FACE_MACRO_TEXTURE_INFO || Macro texture info for faces
|-
| 48 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_DISP_TRIS || Displacement surface triangles
|-
| rowspan=2 | 49 || {{SourceBranch|2004}} || LUMP_PHYSCOLLIDESURFACE || Compressed win32-specific Havok terrain surface collision data. Deprecated and no longer used.
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PROP_BLOB || Static prop triangle and string data
|-
| 50 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_WATEROVERLAYS || {{confirm|info_overlay's on water faces?}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 51 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_LIGHTMAPPAGES || Alternate lightdata implementation for Xbox
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_INDEX_HDR || Index of LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_LIGHTING_HDR
|-
| rowspan=2 | 52 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_LIGHTMAPPAGEINFOS || Alternate lightdata indices for Xbox
|-
|{{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_INDEX || Index of LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_LIGHTING
|-
| 53 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_LIGHTING_HDR || HDR lightmap samples
|-
| 54 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_WORLDLIGHTS_HDR || Internal HDR world lights converted from the entity lump
|-
| 55 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_LIGHTING_HDR || {{confirm|HDR related leaf lighting data?}}
|-
| 56 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_LEAF_AMBIENT_LIGHTING || {{confirm|HDR related leaf lighting data?}}
|-
| 57 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_XZIPPAKFILE || XZip version of pak file for Xbox. Deprecated.
|-
| 58 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_FACES_HDR || ''HDR maps may have different face data''
|-
| 59 || {{SourceBranch|2006}} || LUMP_MAP_FLAGS || Extended level-wide flags. Not present in all levels.
|-
| 60 || {{SourceBranch|2007}} || LUMP_OVERLAY_FADES || Fade distances for overlays
|-
| 61 || {{SourceBranch|2008}} || LUMP_OVERLAY_SYSTEM_LEVELS || System level settings (min/max CPU & GPU to render this overlay)
|-
| 62 || {{SourceBranch|2009}} || LUMP_PHYSLEVEL || {{todo}}
|-
| 63 || {{SourceBranch|2010}} || LUMP_DISP_MULTIBLEND || Displacement multiblend info
|}
 
Lumps 53-56 are only used in version 20+ BSP files. Lumps 22-25 are unused in version 20.
 
The structure of the data lumps for the known entries is described below. Many of the lumps are simple arrays of structures; however some are of variable length depending on their content. The maximum size or number of entries in each lump is also defined in the ''bspfile.h'' file, as MAX_MAP_*.
 
Finally, the header ends with an integer containing the map revision number. This number is based on the revision number of the map's vmf file (<code>mapversion</code>), which is increased each time the map is saved in the Hammer editor.
 
Immediately following the header is the first data lump. This can be any lump in the preceding list (pointed to using the offset field of that lump), though in practice the first data lump is Lump 1, the plane data array.
 
=== Lump compression ===
 
BSP files for console platforms such as PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 usually have their lumps compressed with LZMA. In this case, the lump data starts with the following header (from ''public/tier1/lzmaDecoder.h''):
 
<source lang="cpp">struct lzma_header_t
{
unsigned int id;
unsigned int actualSize; // always little endian
unsigned int lzmaSize; // always little endian
unsigned char properties[5];
};
</source>
 
Where <code>id</code> is defined as:
 
<source lang="cpp">// little-endian "LZMA"
#define LZMA_ID (('A'<<24)|('M'<<16)|('Z'<<8)|('L'))</source>
 
There are two special cases for compression: <code>LUMP_PAKFILE</code> is never compressed and each of the game lumps in <code>LUMP_GAME_LUMP</code> are compressed individually. The compressed size of a game lump can be determined by subtracting the current game lump's offset with that of the next entry. For this reason, the last game lump is always an empty dummy which only contains the offset.
 
== Lumps ==
 
=== Plane ===
 
The basis of the BSP geometry is defined by planes, which are used as splitting surfaces across the BSP tree structure.
 
The plane lump '''(Lump 1)''' is an array of <code>dplane_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dplane_t
{
Vector normal; // normal vector
float dist; // distance from origin
int type; // plane axis identifier
};</source>
 
where the [[Vector]] type is a 3-vector defined as:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct Vector
{
float x;
float y;
float z;
};</source>
 
Floats are 4 bytes long; there are thus 20 bytes per plane, and the plane lump should be a multiple of 20 bytes long.
 
The plane is represented by the element <code>normal</code>, a normal vector, which is a unit vector (length 1.0) perpendicular to the plane's surface. The position of the plane is given by <code>dist</code>, which is the distance from the map origin (0,0,0) to the nearest point on the plane.
 
Mathematically, the plane is described by the set of points (''x, y, z'') which satisfy the equation:
 
A''x'' + B''y'' + C''z'' = D
 
where A, B, and C are given by the components <code>normal.x</code>, <code>normal.y</code> and <code>normal.z</code>, and D is <code>dist</code>. Each plane is infinite in extent, and divides the whole of the map coordinate volume into three pieces, on the plane (F=0), in front of the plane (F&gt;0), and behind the plane (F&lt;0).
 
Note that planes have a particular orientation, corresponding to which side is considered "in front" of the plane, and which is "behind". The orientation of a plane can be flipped by negating the A, B, C, and D components.
 
The <code>type</code> member of the structure seems to contain flags that indicate planes that are perpendicular to coordinates axes, but is usually not used.
 
There can be up to 65536 planes in a map (MAX_MAP_PLANES).
 
=== Vertex ===
 
The vertex lump '''(Lump 3)''' is an array of coordinates of all the vertices (corners) of brushes in the map geometry. Each vertex is a <code>Vector</code> of 3 floats (x, y, and z), giving 12 bytes per vertex.
 
Note that vertices can be shared between faces, if the vertices coincide exactly.
 
There are a maximum of 65536 vertices in a map (MAX_MAP_VERTS).
 
=== Edge ===
 
The edge lump '''(Lump 12)''' is an array of <code>dedge_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dedge_t
{
unsigned short v[2]; // vertex indices
};</source>
 
Each edge is simply a pair of vertex indices (which index into the vertex lump array). The edge is defined as the straight line between the two vertices. Usually, the edge array is referenced through the Surfedge array (see below).
 
As for vertices, edges can be shared between adjacent faces. There is a limit of 256000 edges in a map (MAX_MAP_EDGES).
 
=== Surfedge ===
 
The Surfedge lump '''(Lump 13)''', presumable short for surface edge, is an array of (signed) integers. Surfedges are used to reference the edge array, in a somewhat complex way. The value in the surfedge array can be positive or negative. The absolute value of this number is an index into the edge array: if positive, it means the edge is defined from the first to the second vertex; if negative, from the second to the first vertex.
 
By this method, the Surfedge array allows edges to be referenced for a particular direction. (See the face lump entry below for more on why this is done).
 
There is a limit of 512000 (MAX_MAP_SURFEDGES) surfedges per map. Note that the number of surfedges is not necessarily the same as the number of edges in the map.
 
=== Face and original face ===
 
The face lump '''(Lump 7)''' contains the major geometry of the map, used by the game engine to render the viewpoint of the player. The face lump contains faces after they have undergone the BSP splitting process; they therefore do not directly correspond to the faces of brushes created in Hammer. Faces are always flat, convex polygons, though they can contain edges that are co-linear.
 
The face lump is one of the more complex structures of the map file. It is an array of <code>dface_t</code> entries, each 56 bytes long:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dface_t
{
unsigned short planenum; // the plane number
byte side; // faces opposite to the node's plane direction
byte onNode; // 1 of on node, 0 if in leaf
int firstedge; // index into surfedges
short numedges; // number of surfedges
short texinfo; // texture info
short dispinfo; // displacement info
short surfaceFogVolumeID; // ?
byte styles[4]; // switchable lighting info
int lightofs; // offset into lightmap lump
float area; // face area in units^2
int LightmapTextureMinsInLuxels[2]; // texture lighting info
int LightmapTextureSizeInLuxels[2]; // texture lighting info
int origFace; // original face this was split from
unsigned short numPrims; // primitives
unsigned short firstPrimID;
unsigned int smoothingGroups; // lightmap smoothing group
};</source>
 
The first member <code>planenum </code> is the plane number, i.e., the index into the plane array that corresponds to the plane that is aligned with this face in the world. <code>Side</code> is zero if this plane faces in the same direction as the face (i.e. "out" of the face) or non-zero otherwise.
 
[[File:bsp_geometry_s.gif|right|frame|Animated x-ray view of d1_trainstation_01 with the three types of geometry data. [[Media:bsp_geometry.gif|View in full size here.]]]]
 
<code>Firstedge</code> is an index into the Surfedge array; this and the following <code>numedges</code> entries in the surfedge array define the edges of the face. As mentioned above, whether the value in the surfedge array is positive or negative indicates whether the corresponding pair of vertices listed in the Edge array should be traced from the first vertex to the second, or vice versa. The vertices which make up the face are thus referenced in clockwise order; when looking towards the face, each edge is traced in a clockwise direction. This makes rendering the faces easier, and allows quick culling of faces that face away from the viewpoint.
 
<code>Texinfo</code> is an index into the Texinfo array (see below), and represents the texture to be drawn on the face. <code>Dispinfo</code> is an index into the Dispinfo array is the face is a displacement surface (in which case, the face defines the boundaries of the surface); otherwise, it is -1. <code>SurfaceFogVolumeID</code> appears to be related to drawing fogging when the player's viewpoint is underwater or looking through water.
 
<code>OrigFace</code> is the index of the original face which was split to produce this face. <code>NumPrims</code> and <code>firstPrimID</code> are related to the drawing of "Non-polygonal primitives" (see below). The other members of the structure are used to reference face-lighting info (see the Lighting lump, below).
 
The face array is limited to 65536 (MAX_MAP_FACES) entries.
 
The original face lump '''(Lump 27)''' has the same structure as the face lump, but contains the array of faces before the BSP splitting process is done. These faces are therefore closer to the original brush faces present in the precompile map than the face array, and there are less of them. The <code>origFace</code> entry for all original faces is zero. The maximum size of the original face array is also 65536 entries.
 
Both the face and original face arrays are culled; that is, many faces present before compilation of the map (primarily those that face towards the "void" outside the map) are removed from the array.
 
=== Brush and brushside ===
 
The brush lump '''(Lump 18)''' contains all [[brush]]es that were present in the original VMF file before compiling. Unlike faces, brushes are [[wikipedia:Constructive solid geometry|constructive solid geometry (CSG)]] defined by planes instead of edges and vertices. It is the presence of the brush and brushside lumps in Source BSP files that makes decompiling them a much easier job than for GoldSrc files, which lacked this info. The lump is an array of 12-byte <code>dbrush_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dbrush_t
{
int firstside; // first brushside
int numsides; // number of brushsides
int contents; // contents flags
};</source>
 
The first integer <code>firstside </code>is an index into the brushside array lump, this and the following <code>numsides</code> brushsides make up all the sides in this brush. The <code>contents</code> entry contains bitflags which determine the contents of this brush. The values are binary-ORed together, and are defined in the ''public/bspflags.h'' file:
 
{| class="standard-table"
! Name !! Value !! Notes
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_EMPTY</code> || 0 || No contents
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_SOLID</code> || 0x1 || an eye is never valid in a solid
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_WINDOW</code> || 0x2 || translucent, but not watery (glass)
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_AUX</code> || 0x4 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_GRATE</code> || 0x8 || alpha-tested "grate" textures.  Bullets/sight pass through, but solids don't
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_SLIME</code> || 0x10 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_WATER</code> || 0x20 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_MIST</code> || 0x40 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_OPAQUE</code> || 0x80 || block AI line of sight
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_TESTFOGVOLUME</code> || 0x100 || things that cannot be seen through (may be non-solid though)
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_UNUSED</code> || 0x200 || unused
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_UNUSED6</code> || 0x400 || unused
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_TEAM1</code> || 0x800
| rowspan="2" | per team contents used to differentiate collisions between players and objects on different teams
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_TEAM2</code> || 0x1000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_IGNORE_NODRAW_OPAQUE</code> || 0x2000 || ignore <code>CONTENTS_OPAQUE</code> on surfaces that have <code>SURF_NODRAW</code>
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_MOVEABLE</code> || 0x4000 || hits entities which are <code>MOVETYPE_PUSH</code> (doors, plats, etc.)
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_AREAPORTAL</code> || 0x8000 || remaining contents are non-visible, and don't eat brushes
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_PLAYERCLIP</code> || 0x10000 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_MONSTERCLIP</code> || 0x20000 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_0</code> || 0x40000
| rowspan="6" | currents can be added to any other contents, and may be mixed
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_90</code> || 0x80000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_180</code> || 0x100000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_270</code> || 0x200000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_UP</code> || 0x400000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_CURRENT_DOWN</code> || 0x800000
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_ORIGIN</code> || 0x1000000 || removed before bsping an entity
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_MONSTER</code> || 0x2000000 || should never be on a brush, only in game
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_DEBRIS</code> || 0x4000000 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_DETAIL</code> || 0x8000000 || brushes to be added after vis leafs
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_TRANSLUCENT</code> || 0x10000000 || auto set if any surface has trans
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_LADDER</code> || 0x20000000 ||
|-
| <code>CONTENTS_HITBOX</code> || 0x40000000 || use accurate hitboxes on trace
|}
 
Some of these flags seem to be inherited from previous game engines and are not used in Source maps. They are also used to describe to contents of the map's leaves (see below). The CONTENTS_DETAIL flag is used to mark brushes that were in [[func_detail]] entities before compiling.
 
The brush array is limited to 8192 entries (MAX_MAP_BRUSHES).
 
The brushside lump '''(Lump 19)''' is an array of 8-byte structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dbrushside_t
{
unsigned short planenum; // facing out of the leaf
short texinfo; // texture info
short dispinfo; // displacement info
short bevel; // is the side a bevel plane?
};</source>
 
<code>Planenum</code> is an index info the plane array, giving the plane corresponding to this brushside. <code>Texinfo</code> and <code>dispinfo</code> are references into the texture and displacement info lumps. <code>Bevel</code> is zero for normal brush sides, but 1 if the side is a bevel plane (which seem to be used for collision detection).
 
Unlike the face array, brushsides are not culled (removed) where they touch the void. Void-facing sides do however have their texinfo entry changed to the <code>tools/[[Tool textures#nodraw|toolsnodraw]]</code> texture during the compile process. Note there is no direct way of linking brushes and brushsides and the corresponding face array entries which are used to render that brush. Brushsides are used by the engine to calculate all player physics collision with world brushes. (Vphysics objects use lump 29 instead.)
 
The maximum number of brushsides is 65536 (MAX_MAP_BRUSHSIDES). The maximum number of brushsides on a single brush is 128 (MAX_BRUSH_SIDES).
 
=== Node and leaf ===
 
The node array '''(Lump 5)''' and leaf array '''(Lump 10)''' define the Binary Space Partition (BSP) tree structure of the map. The BSP tree is used by the engine to quickly determine the location of the player's viewpoint with respect to the map geometry, and along with the visibility information (see below), to decide which parts of the map are to be drawn.
 
The nodes and leaves form a tree structure. Each leaf represents a defined volume of the map, and each node represents the volume which is the sum of all its child nodes and leaves further down the tree.
 
Each node has exactly two children, which can be either another node or a leaf. A child node has two further children, and so on until all branches of the tree are terminated with leaves, which have no children. Each node also references a plane in the plane array. When determining the player's viewpoint, the engine is trying to find which leaf the viewpoint falls inside. It first compares the coordinates of the point with the plane referenced in the headnode (Node 0). If the point is in front of the plane, it then moves to the first child of the node; otherwise, it moves to the second child. If the child is a leaf, then it has completed its task. If it is another node, it then performs the same check against the plane referenced in this node, and follows the children as before. It therefore traverses the BSP tree until it finds which leaf the viewpoint lies in. The leaves, then, completely divide up the map volume into a set of non-overlapping, convex volumes defined by the planes of their parent nodes.
 
For more information on how the BSP tree is constructed, see the article [http://web.archive.org/web/20050426034532/http://www.planetquake.com/qxx/bsp/ "BSP for dummies"].
 
The node array consists of 32-byte structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dnode_t
{
int planenum; // index into plane array
int children[2]; // negative numbers are -(leafs + 1), not nodes
short mins[3]; // for frustum culling
short maxs[3];
unsigned short firstface; // index into face array
unsigned short numfaces; // counting both sides
short area; // If all leaves below this node are in the same area, then
// this is the area index. If not, this is -1.
short paddding; // pad to 32 bytes length
};</source>
 
<code>Planenum</code> is the entry in the plane array. The <code>children[]</code> members are the two children of this node; if positive, they are node indices; if negative, the value (-1-''child'') is the index into the leaf array (e.g., the value -100 would reference leaf 99).
 
The members <code>mins[]</code> and <code>maxs[]</code> are coordinates of a rough bounding box surrounding the contents of this node. The <code>firstface</code> and <code>numfaces</code> are indices into the face array that show which map faces are contained in this node, or zero if none are. The <code>area</code> value is the map area of this node (see below). There can be a maximum of 65536 nodes in a map (MAX_MAP_NODES).
 
The leaf array is an array with 56 bytes per element:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dleaf_t
{
int contents; // OR of all brushes (not needed?)
short cluster; // cluster this leaf is in
short area:9; // area this leaf is in
short flags:7; // flags
short mins[3]; // for frustum culling
short maxs[3];
unsigned short firstleafface; // index into leaffaces
unsigned short numleaffaces;
unsigned short firstleafbrush; // index into leafbrushes
unsigned short numleafbrushes;
short leafWaterDataID; // -1 for not in water
 
//!!! NOTE: for maps of version 19 or lower uncomment this block
/*
CompressedLightCube ambientLighting; // Precaculated light info for entities.
short padding; // padding to 4-byte boundary
*/
};</source>
 
The leaf structure has similar contents to the node structure, except it has no children and no reference plane. Additional entries are the <code>contents</code> flags (see the brush lump, above), which shows the contents of any brushes in the leaf, and the <code>cluster</code> number of the leaf (see below). The <code>area</code> and <code>flags</code> members share a 16-bit bitfield and contain the area number and flags relating to the leaf. <code>Firstleafface</code> and <code>numleaffaces</code> index into the leafface array and show which faces are inside this leaf, if any. <code>Firstleafbrush</code> and <code>numleafbrushes</code> likewise index brushes inside this leaf through the leafbrush array.
 
The <code>ambientLighting</code> element is related to lighting of objects in the leaf, and consists of a CompressedLightCube structure, which is 24 bytes in length. Version 17 BSP files have a modified dleaf_t structure that omits the ambient lighting data, making the entry for each leaf only 32 bytes in length. The same shortened structure is also used for version 20 BSP files, with the ambient lighting information for LDR and HDR probably contained in the new lumps 55 and 56.
 
All leaves are convex polyhedra, and are defined by the planes of their parent nodes. They do not overlap. Any point in the coordinate space is in one and only one leaf of the map. A leaf which is not filled with a solid brush and can be entered by the player in the usual course of the game has a cluster number set; this is used in conjunction with the visibility information (below).
 
There are usually multiple, unconnected BSP trees in a map. Each one corresponds to an entry in model array (see below) and the headnode of each tree is referenced there. The first tree is the worldspawn model, the overall geometry of the level. Successive trees are the models of each brush entity in the map.
 
The creation of the BSP tree is done by the VBSP program, during the first phase of map compilation. Exactly how the tree is created, and how the map is divided into leaves, can be influenced by the map author by the use of HINT brushes, func_details, and the careful layout of all brushes in the map.
 
=== LeafFace and LeafBrush ===
 
The leafface lump '''(Lump 16)''' is an array of unsigned shorts which are used to map from faces referenced in the leaf structure to indices in the face array. The leafbrush lump (also an array of unsigned shorts)'''(Lump 17)''' does the same thing for brushes referenced in leaves. Their maximum sizes are both 65536 entries (MAX_MAP_LEAFFACES, MAX_MAP_LEAFBRUSHES).
 
=== Textures ===
 
The texture information in a map is split across a number of different lumps. The Texinfo lump is the most fundamental, referenced by the face and brushside arrays, and it in turn references the other texture lumps.
 
==== Texinfo ====
 
The texinfo lump '''(Lump 6)''' contains an array of <code>texinfo_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct texinfo_t
{
float textureVecs[2][4]; // [s/t][xyz offset]
float lightmapVecs[2][4]; // [s/t][xyz offset] - length is in units of texels/area
int flags; // miptex flags overrides
int texdata; // Pointer to texture name, size, etc.
}</source>
 
Each texinfo is 72 bytes long.
 
The first array of floats is in essence two vectors that represent how the texture is orientated and scaled when rendered on the world geometry. The two vectors, '''s''' and '''t''', are the mapping of the left-to-right and down-to-up directions in the texture pixel coordinate space, onto the world. Each vector has an x, y, and z component, plus an offset which is the "shift" of the texture in that direction relative to the world. The length of the vectors represent the scaling of the texture in each direction.
 
The 2D coordinates ([[UV map|''u, v'']]) of a texture pixel (or ''[[texel]]'') are mapped to the world coordinates (''x, y, z'') of a point on a face by:
 
''u'' = ''tv''<sub>0,0</sub> * ''x'' + ''tv''<sub>0,1</sub> * ''y'' +  ''tv''<sub>0,2</sub> * ''z'' + ''tv''<sub>0,3</sub>
 
''v'' = ''tv''<sub>1,0</sub> * ''x'' + ''tv''<sub>1,1</sub> * ''y'' + ''tv''<sub>1,2</sub> * ''z'' + ''tv''<sub>1,3</sub>
 
(ie. The dot product of the vectors with the vertex plus the offset in that direction. Where ''tv''<sub>A,B</sub> is <code>textureVecs[A][B]</code>.
 
Furthermore, after calculating (u, v), to convert them to texture coordinates which you would send to your graphics card, divide u and v by the width and height of the texture respectively.
 
The <code>lightmapVecs</code> float array performs a similar mapping of the lightmap samples of the texture onto the world.
 
The <code>flags</code> entry contains bitflags which are defined in ''bspflags.h'':
 
{| class="standard-table"
! Name !! Value !! Notes
|-
| <code>SURF_LIGHT</code> || 0x1 || value will hold the light strength
|-
| <code>SURF_SKY2D</code> || 0x2 || don't draw, indicates we should skylight + draw 2d sky but not draw the 3D skybox
|-
| <code>SURF_SKY</code> || 0x4 || don't draw, but add to skybox
|-
| <code>SURF_WARP</code> || 0x8 || turbulent water warp
|-
| <code>SURF_TRANS</code> || 0x10 ||
|-
| <code>SURF_NOPORTAL</code> || 0x20 || the surface can not have a portal placed on it
|-
| <code>SURF_TRIGGER</code> || 0x40 || FIXME: This is an xbox hack to work around elimination of trigger surfaces, which breaks occluders
|-
| <code>SURF_NODRAW</code> || 0x80 || don't bother referencing the texture
|-
| <code>SURF_HINT</code> || 0x100 || make a primary bsp splitter
|-
| <code>SURF_SKIP</code> || 0x200 || completely ignore, allowing non-closed brushes
|-
| <code>SURF_NOLIGHT</code> || 0x400 || Don't calculate light
|-
| <code>SURF_BUMPLIGHT</code> || 0x800 || calculate three lightmaps for the surface for bumpmapping
|-
| <code>SURF_NOSHADOWS</code> || 0x1000 || Don't receive shadows
|-
| <code>SURF_NODECALS</code> || 0x2000 || Don't receive decals
|-
| <code>SURF_NOCHOP</code> || 0x4000 || Don't subdivide patches on this surface
|-
| <code>SURF_HITBOX</code> || 0x8000 || surface is part of a hitbox
|}
 
The flags seem to be derived from the texture's .vmt file contents, and specify special properties of that texture.
 
==== Texdata ====
 
Finally the <code>texdata</code> entry is an index into the Texdata array, and specifies the actual texture.
 
The index of a Texinfo (referenced from a face or brushside) may be given as -1; this indicates that no texture information is associated with this face. This occurs on compiling brush faces given the SKIP, CLIP, or INVISIBLE type textures in the editor.
 
The texdata array '''(Lump 2)''' consists of the structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dtexdata_t
{
Vector reflectivity; // RGB reflectivity
int nameStringTableID; // index into TexdataStringTable
int width, height; // source image
int view_width, view_height;
};</source>
 
The <code>reflectivity</code> vector corresponds to the RGB components of the reflectivity of the texture, as derived from the material's .vtf file. This is probably used in radiosity (lighting) calculations of what light bounces from the texture's surface. The <code>nameStringTableID</code> is an index into the TexdataStringTable array (below). The other members relate to the texture's source image.
 
==== TexdataStringData and TexdataStringTable ====
 
The TexdataStringTable '''(Lump 44)''' is an array of integers which are offsets into the TexdataStringData (lump 43). The TexdataStringData lump consists of concatenated null-terminated strings giving the texture name.
 
There can be a maximum of 12288 texinfos in a map (MAX_MAP_TEXINFO). There is a limit of 2048 texdatas in the array (MAX_MAP_TEXDATA) and up to 256000 bytes in the TexdataStringData data block (MAX_MAP_TEXDATA_STRING_DATA). Texture name strings are limited to 128 characters (TEXTURE_NAME_LENGTH).
 
=== Model ===
 
A Model, in the terminology of the BSP file format, is a collection of brushes and faces, often called a "bmodel". It should not be confused with the prop models used in Hammer, which are usually called "studiomodels" in the SDK source.
 
The model lump '''(Lump 14)''' consists of an array of 24-byte <code>dmodel_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dmodel_t
{
Vector mins, maxs; // bounding box
Vector origin; // for sounds or lights
int headnode; // index into node array
int firstface, numfaces; // index into face array
};</source>
 
<code>Mins</code> and <code>maxs</code> are the bounding points of the model. <code>Origin</code> is the coordinates of the model in the world, if set. <code>Headnode</code> is the index of the top node in the node array of the BSP tree which describes this model. <code>Firstface</code> and <code>numfaces</code> index into the face array and give the faces which make up this model.
 
The first model in the array (Model 0) is always "worldspawn", the overall geometry of the whole map excluding entities (but including func_detail brushes). The subsequent models in the array are associated with brush entities, and referenced from the entity lump.
 
There is a limit of 1024 models in a map (MAX_MAP_MODELS), including the worldspawn model zero.
 
=== Visibility ===
 
The visibility lump '''(Lump 4)''' is in a somewhat different format to the previously mentioned lumps. To understand it, some discussion of how the Source engine's visibility system works in necessary.
 
As mentioned in the [[#Node and leaf|Node and leaf lumps]] section above, every point in the map falls into exactly one convex volume called a leaf. All leaves that are on the inside of the map (not touching the void), and that are not covered by a solid brush can potentially have the player's viewpoint inside it during normal gameplay. Each of these enterable leaves (also called ''[[visleaves]]'') gets assigned a cluster number. In Source BSP files, each enterable leaf corresponds to just one cluster.
 
(The terminology is slightly confusing here. According to the "Quake 2 BSP File Format" article, in the Q2 engine there could be multiple adjacent leaves in each cluster - thus the cluster is so called because it is a cluster of leaves. It seems from the SDK source that this situation may also occur during the compilation of Source maps; however, after the [[VVIS]] compile process is finished these adjacent leaves (and their parent nodes) are merged into a single leaf. In all finished Source maps that have been examined, it seems there is only ever one leaf per cluster. Therefore, in Source BSP files the distinction between clusters and enterable leaves (visleaves) is not meaningful.)
 
Each cluster, then, is a volume in the map that the player can potentially be in. To render the map quickly, the game engine draws the geometry of only those clusters which are visible from the current cluster. Clusters which are completely occluded from view from the player's cluster need not be drawn. Calculating cluster-to-cluster visibility is the responsibility of the VVIS compile tool, and the resulting data is stored in the Visibility lump.
 
Once the engine knows a cluster is visible, the leaf data references all faces present in that cluster, allowing the contents of the cluster to be rendered.
 
The data is stored as an array of bit-vectors; for each cluster, a list of which other clusters are visible from it are stored as individual bits (1 if visible, 0 if occluded) in an array, with the ''n''th bit position corresponding to the ''n''th cluster. This is known as the cluster's [[PVS|Potentially Visible Set (PVS)]]. Because of the large size of this data, the bit vectors are compressed by run-length encoding groups of zero bits in each vector.
 
There is also a [[PAS|Potentially Audible Set (PAS)]] array created for each cluster; this marks which clusters can hear sounds occurring in other clusters. The PAS seems to be created by merging the PVS bits of all clusters in current cluster's PVS.
 
The Visibilty lump is defined as:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dvis_t
{
int numclusters;
int byteofs[numclusters][2]
};</source>
 
The first integer is the number of clusters in the map. It is followed by an array of integers giving the byte offset from the start of the lump to the start of the PVS bit array for each cluster, followed by the offset to the PAS array. Immediately following the array are the compressed bit vectors.
 
The decoding of the run-length compression works as follows: To find the PVS of a given cluster, start at the byte given by the offset in the <code>byteofs[]</code> array. If the current byte in the PVS buffer is zero, the following byte multiplied by 8 is the number of clusters to skip that are not visible. If the current byte is non-zero, the bits that are set correspond to clusters that are visible from this cluster. Continue until the number of clusters in the map is reached.
 
Example C code to decompress the bit vectors can be found in the "Quake 2 BSP File Format" document.
 
The maximum size of the Visibility lump is 0x1000000 bytes (MAX_MAP_VISIBILITY); that is, 16 Mb.
 
=== Entity ===
 
:''See also: [[Patching levels with lump files]]''
 
The entity lump '''(Lump 0)''' is an ASCII text buffer which stores the entity data in a format very similar to the [[Keyvalue|KeyValue]] format of uncompiled [[VMF]] files. Its general form is:
 
<pre>{
"world_maxs" "480 480 480"
"world_mins" "-480 -480 -224"
"maxpropscreenwidth" "-1"
"skyname" "sky_wasteland02"
"classname" "worldspawn"
}
{
"origin" "-413.793 -384 -192"
"angles" "0 0 0"
"classname" "info_player_start"
}
{
"model" "*1"
"targetname" "secret_1"
"origin" "424 -1536 1800"
"Solidity" "1"
"StartDisabled" "0"
"InputFilter" "0"
"disablereceiveshadows" "0"
"disableshadows" "0"
"rendermode" "0"
"renderfx" "0"
"rendercolor" "255 255 255"
"renderamt" "255"
"classname" "func_brush"
}</pre>
 
Entities are defined between opening and closing braces (<code>{</code> and <code>}</code>) and list on each line a pair of key/value properties inside quotation marks. The first entity is always [[worldspawn]]. The <code>classname</code> property gives the entity type, and the <code>[[targetname]]</code> property gives the entity's name as defined in Hammer (if it has one). The <code>model</code> property is slightly special if it starts with an asterisk (*), the following number is an index into the model array (see above) which corresponds to a [[brush entity]] 'model'. Otherwise, the value contains the name of a compiled [[model]]. Other key/value pairs correspond to the properties of the entity as set in Hammer.
 
{{note|Some entities (including func_detail, env_cubemap, info_overlay and prop_static) are  [[internal entity|internal]], and are stripped from the entity lump during the compile process, normally because they are absorbed by [[the world]].}}
 
Depending on the Source engine version, the entity lump can contain 4096 (Source 2004) to 16384 (Alien Swarm) entities (<code>MAX_MAP_ENTITIES</code>). These limits are independent from the engine's actual [[entity limit]].
Each key can be a maximum of 32 characters (<code>MAX_KEY</code>) and the value up to 1024 characters (<code>MAX_VALUE</code>).
 
=== Game lump ===
 
The Game lump '''(Lump 35)''' seems to be intended to be used for map data that is specific to a particular game using the Source engine, so that the file format can be extended without altering the previously defined format. It starts with a game lump header:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dgamelumpheader_t
{
int lumpCount; // number of game lumps
dgamelump_t gamelump[lumpCount];
};</source>
 
where the gamelump directory array is defined by:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dgamelump_t
{
int id; // gamelump ID
unsigned short flags; // flags
unsigned short version; // gamelump version
int fileofs; // offset to this gamelump
int filelen; // length
};</source>
 
The gamelump is identified by the 4-byte <code>id</code> member, which defines what data is stored in it, and the byte position of the data and its length is given in <code>fileofs</code> and <code>filelen</code>. Note that <code>fileofs</code> is relative to the beginning of the BSP file, not to the game lump offset. One exception is the console version of Portal 2, where <code>fileofs</code> is relative to the game lump offset, as one would expect.
 
==== Static props ====
 
Of interest is the gamelump which is used to store [[prop_static]] entities, which uses the gamelump ID of 'sprp' ASCII (1936749168 decimal). Unlike most other entities, static props are not stored in the entity lump. The gamelump formats used in Source are defined in the ''public/gamebspfile.h'' header file.
 
The first element of the static prop game lump is the dictionary; this is an integer count followed by the list of model (prop) names used in the map:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct StaticPropDictLump_t
{
int dictEntries;
char name[dictEntries]; // model name
};</source>
 
Each <code>name</code> entry is 128 characters long, null-padded to this length.
 
Following the dictionary is the leaf array:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct StaticPropLeafLump_t
{
int leafEntries;
unsigned short leaf[leafEntries];
};</source>
 
Presumably, this array is used to index into the leaf lump to locate the leaves that each prop static is located in. Note that a prop static may span several leaves.
 
Next, an integer giving the number of <code>StaticPropLump_t</code> entries, followed by that many structures themselves:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct StaticPropLump_t
{
// v4
Vector Origin; // origin
QAngle Angles; // orientation (pitch roll yaw)
unsigned short PropType; // index into model name dictionary
unsigned short FirstLeaf; // index into leaf array
unsigned short LeafCount;
unsigned char Solid; // solidity type
unsigned char Flags;
int Skin; // model skin numbers
float FadeMinDist;
float FadeMaxDist;
Vector LightingOrigin;  // for lighting
// since v5
float ForcedFadeScale; // fade distance scale
// v6 and v7 only
unsigned short  MinDXLevel;      // minimum DirectX version to be visible
unsigned short  MaxDXLevel;      // maximum DirectX version to be visible
        // since v8
unsigned char  MinCPULevel;
unsigned char  MaxCPULevel;
unsigned char  MinGPULevel;
unsigned char  MaxGPULevel;
        // since v7
        color32        DiffuseModulation; // per instance color and alpha modulation
        // since v10
        float          unknown;
        // since v9
        bool            DisableX360;    // if true, don't show on XBox 360
};</source>
 
The coordinates of the prop are given by the <code>Origin</code> member; its orientation (pitch, roll, yaw) is given by the <code>Angles</code> entry, which is a 3-float vector. The <code>PropType</code> element is an index into the dictionary of prop model names, given above. The other elements correspond to the location of the prop in the BSP structure of the map, its lighting, and other entity properties as set in Hammer. The other elements (<code>ForcedFadeScale</code>, etc.) are only present in the static prop structure if the gamelump's specified version is high enough (see <code>dgamelump_t.version</code>); both version 4 and version 5 static prop gamelumps are used in official HL2 maps. Version 6 has been encountered in TF2. Version 7 is used in some Left 4 Dead maps, and a modified version 7 is present in [[Zeno Clash]] maps. Version 8 is used predominantly in [[Left 4 Dead]], and version 9 in [[Left 4 Dead 2]]. The new version 10 appears in Tactical Intervention.
 
==== Other ====
Other gamelumps used in Source BSP files are the detail prop gamelump (<code>dprp</code>), and the detail prop lighting lump (<code>dplt</code> for LDR and <code>dplh</code> for HDR). These are used for [[prop_detail]] entities (grass tufts, etc.) automatically emitted by certain textures when placed on displacement surfaces.
 
There does not seem to be a specified limit on the size of the game lump.
 
=== Displacements ===
 
Displacement surfaces are the most complex parts of a BSP file, and only part of their format is covered here. Their data is split over a number of different data lumps in the file, but the fundamental reference to them is through the dispinfo lump '''(Lump 26)'''. Dispinfos are referenced from the face, original face, and brushside arrays.
 
==== DispInfo ====
 
<source lang="cpp">struct ddispinfo_t
{
Vector startPosition; // start position used for orientation
int DispVertStart; // Index into LUMP_DISP_VERTS.
int DispTriStart; // Index into LUMP_DISP_TRIS.
int power; // power - indicates size of surface (2^power 1)
int minTess; // minimum tesselation allowed
float smoothingAngle; // lighting smoothing angle
int contents; // surface contents
unsigned short MapFace; // Which map face this displacement comes from.
int LightmapAlphaStart; // Index into ddisplightmapalpha.
int LightmapSamplePositionStart; // Index into LUMP_DISP_LIGHTMAP_SAMPLE_POSITIONS.
CDispNeighbor EdgeNeighbors[4]; // Indexed by NEIGHBOREDGE_ defines.
CDispCornerNeighbors CornerNeighbors[4]; // Indexed by CORNER_ defines.
unsigned int AllowedVerts[10]; // active verticies
};</source>
 
The structure is 176 bytes long. The <code>startPosition</code> element is the coordinates of the first corner of the displacement. <code>DispVertStart</code> and <code>DispTriStart</code> are indices into the DispVerts and DispTris lumps. The <code>power</code> entry gives the number of subdivisions in the displacement surface - allowed values are 2, 3 and 4, and these correspond to 4, 8 and 16 subdivisions on each side of the displacement surface. The structure also references any neighbouring displacements on the sides or the corners of this displacement through the <code>EdgeNeighbors</code> and <code>CornerNeighbors</code> members. There are complex rules governing the order that these neighbour displacements are given; see the comments in ''bspfile.h'' for more. The <code>MapFace</code> value is an index into the face array and is face that was turned into a displacement surface. This face is used to set the texture and overall physical location and boundaries of the displacement.
 
==== DispVerts ====
 
The DispVerts lump '''(Lump 33)''' contains the vertex data of the displacements. It is given by:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dDispVert
{
Vector vec; // Vector field defining displacement volume.
float dist; // Displacement distances.
float alpha; // "per vertex" alpha values.
};</source>
 
where <code>vec</code> is the normalized vector of the offset of each displacement vertex from its original (flat) position; <code>dist</code> is the distance the offset has taken place; and <code>alpha</code> is the alpha-blending of the texture at that vertex.
 
A displacement of power ''p'' references (2^''p'' 1)^2 dispverts in the array, starting from the <code>DispVertStart</code> index.
 
==== DispTris ====
 
The DispTris lump '''(Lump 48)''' contains "triangle tags" or flags related to the properties of a particular triangle in the displacement mesh:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dDispTri
{
unsigned short Tags; // Displacement triangle tags.
};</source>
 
where the flags are:
 
{| class="standard-table"
! Name !! Value
|-
| <code>DISPTRI_TAG_SURFACE</code> || 0x1
|-
| <code>DISPTRI_TAG_WALKABLE</code> || 0x2
|-
| <code>DISPTRI_TAG_BUILDABLE</code> || 0x4
|-
| <code>DISPTRI_FLAG_SURFPROP1</code> || 0x8
|-
| <code>DISPTRI_FLAG_SURFPROP2</code> || 0x10
|}
 
There are 2x(2^''p'')^2 DispTri entries for a displacement of power ''p''. They are presumably used to indicate properties for each triangle of the displacement such as whether the surface is walkable at that point (not too steep to climb).
 
There are a limit of 2048 Dispinfos per map, and the limits of DispVerts and DispTris are such that all 2048 displacements could be of power 4 (maximally subdivided).
 
Other displacement-related data are the DispLightmapAlphas '''(Lump 32)''' and DispLightmapSamplePos '''(Lump 34)''' lumps, which seem to relate to lighting of each displacement surface.
 
=== Pakfile ===
 
The Pakfile lump '''(Lump 40)''' is a special lump that can contains multiple files which are embedded into the bsp file. Usually, they contain special texture (.vtf) and material (.vmt) files which are used to store the reflection maps from env_cubemap entities in the map; these files are built and placed in the Pakfile lump when the [[Cubemaps#Building|<code>buildcubemaps</code>]] console command is executed. The Pakfile can optionally contain such things as custom textures and prop models used in the map, and are placed into the bsp file by using the [[BSPZIP]] program (or alternate programs such as [[Pakrat]]). These files are integrated into the game engine's file system and will be loaded preferentially before externally located files are used.
 
The format of the Pakfile lump is identical to that used by the Zip compression utility when no compression is specified (i.e., the individual files are stored in uncompressed format). If the Pakfile lump is extracted and written to a file, it can therefore be opened with WinZip and similar programs.
 
The header ''public/zip_uncompressed.h'' defines the structures present in the Pakfile lump. The last element in the lump is a <code>ZIP_EndOfCentralDirRecord</code> structure. This points to an array of <code>ZIP_FileHeader</code> structures immediately preceeding it, one for each file present in the Pak. Each of these headers then point to <code>ZIP_LocalFileHeader</code> structures that are followed by that file's data.
 
The Pakfile lump is usually the last element of the bsp file.
 
=== Cubemap ===
 
The Cubemap lump '''(Lump 42)''' is an array of 16-byte <code>dcubemapsample_t</code> structures:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct dcubemapsample_t
{
int origin[3]; // position of light snapped to the nearest integer
int         size; // resolution of cubemap, 0 - default
};</source>
 
The <code>dcubemapsample_t</code> structure defines the location of a env_cubemap entity in the map. The <code>origin</code> member contains integer x,y,z coordinates of the cubemap, and the <code>size</code> member is resolution of the cubemap, specified as 2^(''size''-1) pixels square. If set as 0, the default size of 6 (32x32 pixels) is used. There can be a maximum of 1024 (MAX_MAP_CUBEMAPSAMPLES) cubemaps in a file.
 
When the "buildcubemaps" console command is performed, six snapshots of the map (one for each direction) are taken at the location of each env_cubemap entity. These snapshots are stored in a multi-frame texture (vtf) file, which is added to the Pakfile lump (see above). The textures are named <code>cX_Y_Z.vtf</code>, where (X,Y,Z) are the (integer) coordinates of the corresponding cubemap.
 
Faces containing materials that are environment mapped (e.g. shiny textures) reference their assigned cubemap through their material name. A face with a material named (e.g.) <code>walls/shiny.vmt</code> is altered (new Texinfo &amp; Texdata entries are created) to refer to a renamed material <code>maps/''mapname''/walls/shiny_X_Y_Z.vmt</code>, where (X,Y,Z) are the cubemap coordinates as before. This .vmt file is also stored in the Pakfile, and references the cubemap .vtf file through its <code>$envmap</code> property.
 
Version 20 files contain extra <code>cX_Y_Z.hdr.vtf</code> files in the Pakfile lump, containing HDR texture files in RGBA16161616F (16-bit per channel) format.
 
=== Overlay ===
 
Unlike the simpler decals (infodecal entities), info_overlays are removed from the entity lump and stored separately in the Overlay lump '''(Lump 45)'''. The structure is reflects the properties of the entity in Hammer almost exactly:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct doverlay_t
{
int Id;
short TexInfo;
unsigned short FaceCountAndRenderOrder;
int Ofaces[OVERLAY_BSP_FACE_COUNT];
float U[2];
float V[2];
Vector UVPoints[4];
Vector Origin;
Vector BasisNormal;
};</source>
 
The <code>FaceCountAndRenderOrder</code> member is split into two parts; the lower 14 bits are the number of faces that the overlay appears on, with the top 2 bits being the render order of the overlay (for overlapping decals). The <code>Ofaces</code> array, which is 64 elements in size (OVERLAY_BSP_FACE_COUNT) are the indices into the face array indicating which map faces the overlay should be displayed on. The other elements set the texture, scale, and orientation of the overlay decal. There can be a maximum of 512 overlays per file (MAX_MAP_OVERLAYS). In Dota 2 this limit on the number of overlays is increased significantly.
 
=== Lighting ===
 
The lighting lump '''(Lump 8)''' is used to store the static lightmap samples of map faces. Each lightmap sample is a colour tint that multiplies the colours of the underlying texture pixels, to produce lighting of varying intensity. These lightmaps are created during the VRAD phase of map compilation and are referenced from the <code>dface_t</code> structure. The current lighting lump version is 1.
 
Each <code>dface_t</code> may have a up to four lightstyles defined in its <code>styles[]</code> array (which contains 255 to represent no lightstyle). The number of luxels in each direction of the face is given by the two <code>LightmapTextureSizeInLuxels[]</code> members (plus 1), and the total number of luxels per face is thus:
 
<code>(LightmapTextureSizeInLuxels[0] + 1) * (LightmapTextureSizeInLuxels[1] + 1)</code>
 
Each face gives a byte offset into the lighting lump in its <code>lightofs</code> member (if no lighting information is used for this face e.g. faces with skybox, nodraw and invisible textures, <code>lightofs</code> is -1.) There are (''number of lightstyles'')*(''number of luxels'') lightmap samples for each face, where each sample is a 4-byte ColorRGBExp32 structure:
 
<source lang="cpp">struct ColorRGBExp32
{
byte r, g, b;
signed char exponent;
};</source>
 
Standard RGB format can be obtained from this by multiplying each colour component by 2^(''exponent''). For faces with bumpmapped textures, there are four times the usual number of lightmap samples, presumably containing samples used to compute the bumpmapping.
 
Immediately preceeding the <code>lightofs</code>-referenced sample group, there are single samples containing the average lighting on the face, one for each lightstyle, in reverse order from that given in the <code>styles[]</code> array.
 
Version 20 BSP files contain a second, identically sized lighting lump '''(Lump 53)'''. This is presumed to store more accurate (higher-precision) HDR data for each lightmap sample. The format is currently unknown, but is also 32 bits per sample.
 
The maximum size of the lighting lump is 0x1000000 bytes, i.e. 16 Mb (MAX_MAP_LIGHTING).
 
=== Occlusion ===
 
The occlusion lump '''(Lump 9)''' contains the polygon geometry and some flags used by [[func_occluder]] entities. Unlike other brush entities, func_occluders don't use the 'model' key in the [[#Entity|entity lump]]. Instead, the brushes are split from the entities during the compile process and numeric occluder keys are assigned as 'occludernum'. Brush sides textured with <code>tools/[[tool textures#occluder|toolsoccluder]]</code> or <code>tools/[[tool textures#trigger|toolstrigger]]</code> are then stored together with the occluder keys and some additional info in this lump.
 
The lump is divided into three parts and begins with a integer value with the total number of occluders, followed by an array of <code>doccluderdata_t</code> fields of the same size.
The next part begins with another integer value, this time for the total number of occluder polygons, as well as an array of <code>doccluderpolydata_t</code> fields of equal size. Part three begins with another integer value for the amount of occluder polygon vertices, followed by an array of integer values for the vertex indices, again of the same size.
 
<source lang="cpp">struct doccluder_t
{
int count;
doccluderdata_t data[count];
int polyDataCount;
doccluderpolydata_t polyData[polyDataCount];
int vertexIndexCount;
int vertexIndices[vertexIndexCount];
};</source>
 
The <code>doccluderdata_t</code> structure contains flags and dimensions of the occluder, as well as the area where it remains.
<code>firstpoly</code> is the first index into the <code>doccluderpolydata_t</code> with a total of <code>polycount</code> entries.
 
<source lang="cpp">struct doccluderdata_t
{
int flags;
int firstpoly; // index into doccluderpolys
int polycount; // amount of polygons
Vector mins;         // minima of all vertices
Vector maxs;         // maxima of all vertices
// since v1
int area;
};</source>
 
Occluder polygons are stored in the <code>doccluderpolydata_t</code> structure and contain the <code>firstvertexindex</code> field, which is the first index into the vertex array of the occluder, which are again indices for the vertex array of the [[#Vertex|vertex lump]] '''(Lump 3)'''. The total number of vertex indices is stored in <code>vertexcount</code>.
 
<source lang="cpp">struct doccluderpolydata_t
{
int firstvertexindex; // index into doccludervertindices
int vertexcount; // amount of vertex indices
int planenum;
};</source>
 
=== Other ===
 
{{todo|Some of these information are likely guesses and need further research.}}
 
*The Worldlights lump '''(Lump 15)''' contains information on each static light entity in the world, and seems to be used to provide semi-dynamic lighting for moving entities.
 
*The Areas lump '''(Lump 20)''' references the Areaportals lump '''(Lump 21)''' and is used with func_areaportal and func_areaportalwindow entities to define sections of the map that can be switched to render or not render.
 
*The Portals '''(Lump 22)''', Clusters '''(Lump 23)''', PortalVerts '''(Lump 24)''', ClusterPortals '''(Lump 25)''', and ClipPortalVerts '''(Lump 41)''' lumps are used by the VVIS phase of the compile to ascertain which clusters can see which other clusters. A cluster is a player-enterable leaf volume in the map (see above). A "portal" is a polygon boundary between a cluster or leaf and an adjacent cluster or leaf. Most of this information is also used by the VRAD program to calculate static lighting, and then is removed from the bsp file.
 
*PhysCollide Lumps '''(Lump 29)''' and PhysCollideSurface '''(Lump 49)''' lumps seem to be related to the physical simulation of entity collisions in the game engine.
 
*The VertNormal '''(Lump 30)''' and VertNormalIndices '''(Lump 31)''' lumps may be related to smoothing of lightmaps on faces.
 
*The FaceMacroTextureInfo lump '''(Lump 47)''' is a short array containing the same number of members as the number of faces in the map. If the entry for a face contains anything other than -1 (0xFFFF), it is an index of a texture name in the TexDataStringTable. In VRAD, the corresponding texture is mapped onto the world extents, and used to modulate the lightmaps of that face. There is also a base macro texture (located at <code>materials/macro/''mapname''/base.vtf</code>) that is applied to all faces if found. Only maps in VTMB seem to make any use of macro textures.
 
*LeafWaterData '''(Lump 36)''' and LeafMinDistToWater '''(Lump 46)''' lumps may be used to determine player position with respect to water volumes.
 
*The Primitives '''(Lump 37)''', PrimVerts '''(Lump 38)''' and PrimIndices '''(Lump 39)''' lumps are used in reference to "non-polygonal primitives". They are also sometimes called "waterstrips", "waterverts" and "waterindices" in the SDK Source, since they were originally only used to subdivide water meshes. They are now used to prevent the appearance of cracks between adjacent faces, if the face edges contain a "T-junction" (a vertex collinearly between two other vertices). The PrimIndices lump defines a set of triangles between face vertices, that tessellate the face. They are referenced from the Primatives lump, which is in turn referenced by the face lump data. Current maps do not seem to use the PrimVerts lump at all. ([http://web.archive.org/web/20071110230828/http://www.chatbear.com/board.plm?a=viewthread&b=4991&t=137,1118051039,3296&s=0&id=862840 Ref.])
 
*Version 20 files containing HDR lighting information have four extra lumps, the contents of which are currently uncertain. Lump 53 is always the same size as the standard lighting lump '''(Lump 8)''' and probably contains higher-precision data for each lightmap sample. Lump 54 is the same size as the worldlight lump '''(Lump 15)''' and presumably contains HDR-related data for each light entity. Lumps 55 and 56 both seem to be 24-byte records (possibly CompressedLightCube structures) with the same count as the number of leaves in the map. They are probably thus HDR-related per-leaf lighting information.
 
[[Category:File formats]]

Latest revision as of 14:26, 21 January 2024

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