Soundscripts

Soundscripts contain "sound entries" that are used to wrap Source-specific playback instructions around WAV or MP3 files.

A sound entry can define the meaning of a sound to NPCs, its pitch and volume, how far away it can be heard from (attenuation), and can be used to randomise which precise sound file is played. Operator stacks (in all games since ) can be used to define even more complex behaviours.

Soundscripts are loaded on the server only from:

• scripts/game_sounds_manifest.txt
• maps/<mapname>_level_sounds.txt

All filepaths within a soundscript are relative to the sound folder.

Example entry

entry.name
{
    channel    CHAN_AUTO
    volume     VOL_NORM
    pitch      PITCH_NORM
    soundlevel SNDLVL_NORM
    wave       common/null.wav
}

If a value has a space or tab character within it, wrap it in "quote marks".

 Tip: To have a random numeric value chosen every time the sound plays, type a lower bound and a higher bound, separated by a comma. Example: volume 0.45,0.65.

Commands

Wave / rndwave

Filename of the sound to play.

wave common/blah1.wav

You can also have the engine pick from a list of random files. A given sound won't repeat until all of the others have played. Note that the random choice is decided by the server, not the client.

rndwave
{
    wave common/blah1.wav
    wave common/blah2.wav
    wave common/blah3.wav
}

 Note: The sound file MUST be in a folder within the sounds folder. So (sound/)folder/sound.wav will work, while (sound/)sound.wav will not.

Volume

A number between 0 and 1, where 1 is the sound's original volume. VOL_NORM will insert your mod's default volume, which will probably be 1.

Pitch

Any number between 0 and 255, where 100 is the sound's original pitch and 255 is very high.

• PITCH_LOW = 95
• PITCH_HIGH = 120

Channel

Channels are used to categorize sounds in a way that NPCs, and game logic in general, can understand.

Confirm:There is a limit of 256 channels total: 224 Static, 32 Dynamic that can play at any given time.

Exceeding this will result in a channel allocation error, preventing sounds from playing.

CHAN_AUTO

Default, generic channel.

CHAN_WEAPON

Player and NPC weapons.

CHAN_VOICE

Voiceover dialogue. Used for regular voice lines, etc.

CHAN_VOICE2

Additional voice channel. Used in TF2 for the announcer.

CHAN_ITEM

Generic physics impact sounds, health/suit chargers, +use sounds.

CHAN_BODY

Clothing, ragdoll impacts, footsteps, knocking/pounding/punching etc.

CHAN_STREAM

Sounds that can be delayed by an async load, i.e. aren't responses to particular events.

Confirm:This won't make the sound actually stream; use the * prefix for that.

CHAN_REPLACE

Used when playing sounds through console commands.

CHAN_STATIC

A constant/background sound that doesn't require any reaction.

CHAN_VOICE_BASE

Network voice data (online voice communications)

CHAN_USER_BASE+<number>

Custom channels can be defined here (Allocates a channel for the desire sound entry).

SoundLevel

The sound's attenuation; how fast it drops away. The engine starts running into trouble below 60dB.

The following list contains all default sound levels, their attenuation value, real world examples, and in-game examples. All values and real world examples were taken from soundflags.h.

Code	Attenuation Value	Real World	In Game
SNDLVL_NONE	0	Everywhere	: Music disconnected from environment (Ex: checkpoint music, credit music, mob music)
SNDLVL_20dB		Rustling leaves
SNDLVL_25dB		Whispering
SNDLVL_30dB		Library
SNDLVL_35dB
SNDLVL_40dB
SNDLVL_45dB		Refrigerator
SNDLVL_50dB	3.9	Average home
SNDLVL_55dB	3.0
SNDLVL_IDLE	2.0	Normal conversation, clothes dryer
SNDLVL_65dB	1.5	Washing machine, dishwasher
SNDLVL_STATIC	1.25
SNDLVL_70dB	1.0	Car, vacuum cleaner, mixer, electric sewing machine	: Moustachio whack smash and pop-up
SNDLVL_NORM	0.8	Busy traffic	: Lilpeanut audible
SNDLVL_80dB	0.7	Mini-bike, alarm clock, noisy restaurant, office tabulator, outboard motor, passing snowmobile	: Jukebox, music spitter spit pile as source,
SNDLVL_TALKING	0.7		Valve's chosen dialogue attenuation
SNDLVL_85dB	0.6	Average factory, electric shaver	: Moustachio strength attract
SNDLVL_90dB	0.5	Screaming child, passing motorcycle, convertible ride on freeway	: Moustachio strength attract
SNDLVL_95dB
SNDLVL_100dB	0.4	Subway train, diesel truck, woodworking shop, pneumatic drill, boiler shop, jackhammer	: Music coop player in danger AKA tags (ledge hanging, pinned down by SI)
SNDLVL_105dB		Helicopter, power mower
SNDLVL_110dB		Snowmobile (drivers seat), inboard motorboat, sandblasting	: Boomer alert close
SNDLVL_120dB		Car horn, propeller aircraft	: Boomer alert
SNDLVL_125dB			: Boomer alert far
SNDLVL_130dB		Air raid siren	: Carousel music during crescendo event
SNDLVL_GUNFIRE	0.27	Threshold of pain, gunshot, jet engine
SNDLVL_140dB	0.2
SNDLVL_145dB			: Wandering witch music ("lost little witch")
SNDLVL_150dB	0.2		: Concert music, parade music, zombie choir
SNDLVL_180dB		Rocket launching

Confirm:It may be possible to pass a literal number value ("150" as opposed to "SNDLVL_150") and freely choose any number between 0 and 255.

Operator stacks

Portal 2 introduced Operator Stacks, which are used to add complex behaviour to sounds. To enable them, you must set soundentry_version to 2.

There are three types of stack, each triggered at different times:

• prestart_stack
• start_stack
• update_stack
• stop_stack

In each case you can either start from scratch or use the import_stack command to extend a template defined in scripts/sound_operator_stacks.txt.

Example

VFX.LightFlickerEnd 
{
	channel		CHAN_AUTO
	soundlevel	SNDLVL_105db
	volume		1.0
	rndwave
	{
		wave		"vfx/light_flicker/light_flicker_end_01.wav"
		wave		"vfx/light_flicker/light_flicker_end_02.wav"
		wave		"vfx/light_flicker/light_flicker_end_03.wav"
		wave		"vfx/light_flicker/light_flicker_end_04.wav"
	}

	soundentry_version 2

	operator_stacks
	{
		start_stack // applied when the sound begins
		{
			import_stack 	"P2_exclusion_time_blocker_start" // defined in scripts/sound_operator_stacks.txt

			// We are now extending/configuring P2_exclusion_time_blocker_start

			block_entries // prevents another sound from playing
			{
				input_duration 0.25 // seconds to block for
				match_entry "World.LightFlickerEnd" // the sound entry to block
				match_entity false // only on the same entity that this sound is playing from?
			}
		}
	}
}

Templates

There are 28 operators used in Portal 2, but they are re-configured and combined in hundreds of different ways. Most of the resulting "stacks" are very specific, and this page will only deal with the more general ones.

To do: Work out a sane way of documenting all this!

limit_sound

Limits the maximum number of sounds that can be played at once, either by sound name or entity. A sound will not stop itself from playing.

import_stack	"P2_poly_limiting_start"

limit_sound
{
	match_entry "VFX.OGSignFlicker"
	input_max_entries 3.000000
}

position_array

Smoothly transitions a sound from one location to up to eight others as the player moves through a map. An unreleased tool can auto-generate these. Position 1 is where the sound was emitted from.

Confirm:The tool mentioned above may be in the files of Dino D-Day.

import_stack "p2_update_dialog_spatial_cave"

position_array
{
	input_entry_count 3
	// position 2
	input_position_1[0]	2129
	input_position_1[1]	-850
	input_position_1[2]	-1267
	// position 3
	input_position_2[0]	1473
	input_position_2[1]	-1200
	input_position_2[2]	-1343
}

play_entry

Plays another sound entry.

import_stack "stop_and_play"

play_entry
{
	entry_name VFX.FizzlerDestroy
}

Games that Support Sound Operator Stacks

First Party Games

Portal 2

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

Dota 2

Dota 2 runs on Source 2. The Sound Operator Stack system has been greatly expanded upon, being a WIP. Many Sound Operator names have been changed.

Third Party Games

Day of Infamy

Insurgency

Sound Characters

The first two characters of a WAV's name are scanned for the following:

* - CHAR_STREAM

Streams from the disc, get flushed soon after. Use for one-off dialogue files or music.

# - CHAR_DRYMIX

Bypasses DSP and affected by the user's music volume setting.

 Warning:  Using this character on a sound entry utilizing an update_stack where the volume is zeroed out, whether by the update_stack or by the sound entry itself(volume 0.0), will cause an update_stack loop.Not only does this have nagative performance implications, the sound will consume an audio channel until the loop is interrupted or the sound is stopped. ^[confirm]

@ - CHAR_OMNI

Non-directional sound; plays "everywhere", similar to SNDLVL_NONE, except it fades with distance from its source based on its sound level.

> - CHAR_DOPPLER

Doppler encoded stereo: left for heading towards the listener and right for heading away.

< - CHAR_DIRECTIONAL

Stereo with direction: left channel for front facing, right channel for rear facing. Mixed based on listener's direction. To do: Relationship with CHAR_DIRSTEREO in ?

^ - CHAR_DISTVARIANT

Distance-variant stereo. Left channel is close, right channel is far. Transition distance is hard-coded; see below.

) - CHAR_SPATIALSTEREO

Spatializes both channels, allowing them to be placed at specific locations within the world; see below.

 Note: Sometimes "(" must be used instead; see below.

} - CHAR_FAST_PITCH

Forces low quality, non-interpolated pitch shift.

$ - CHAR_CRITICAL (removed in )

Memory resident; cache locked.

! - CHAR_SENTENCE (in all games since )

An NPC sentence.

? - CHAR_USERVOX

Voice chat data. You shouldn't ever need to use this.

& - CHAR_HRTF_FORCE (only in )

Indicates wav should use HRTF spatialization for all entities (including owners).

~ - CHAR_HRTF (only in )

Indicates wav should use HRTF spatialization for non-owners.

` - CHAR_HRTF_BLEND (only in )

Indicates wav should use HRTF spatialization for non-owners, blended with stereo for sounds sufficiently close.

+ - CHAR_RADIO (only in )

Indicates a 'radio' sound -- should be played without spatialization

( - CHAR_DIRSTEREO (only in )

Indicates directional stereo wav (like doppler)

$ - CHAR_SUBTITLED (only in )

Indicates the subtitles are forced

% - CHAR_MUSIC (only in )

Indicates main menu music

For example:

)weapons/m4a1/m4_shoot.wav

*@npc/vo/announcer/specialoffer.wav

Spatial Stereo

Adding ) in front of a stereo sound name in the soundscript such as ")weapons/m4a1/m4_shoot.wav" tells the sound engine that it is a spatialized sound; this allows the sound to emit from a specific location within the world. When not used, stereo sounds play in a fixed 2-channel orientation and cannot be panned to simulate a location. Single-channel files do not require ) before the filename and will be spatialized automatically.

Soundscapes

Soundscapes have special needs. Stereo wave files used in PlayRandom require that ( is placed before the filename. PlayLooping still uses ) but ( will spatialize the two channels separately for an alternate effect; ( sounds more environmental, but the exact nature of this behavior is unknown. Generic soundscripts can sometimes use ( to gain the same stereo spatialization that occurs in PlayLooping.

For example:

wave ")ambient/stereo_alarm.wav" // Typical usage in a standard soundscript

But in soundscapes:

playrandom
{
	time		33,68
	volume		.6,1
	pitch		90,105
	position	0
	rndwave
	{
		wave "ambient/mono_siren.wav" // Mono files are always spatialized properly
		wave ")ambient/stereo_alarm.wav" // WRONG; sound will not be spatialized
		wave "(ambient/stereo_siren.wav" // Correct; sound will be spatialized normally
	}
}

PlayLooping
{
	volume		.6
	pitch		100
	position	0
	wave		")ambient/stereo_siren.wav" // standard spatialization; both channels originate at same location
	//wave		"(ambient/stereo_siren.wav" // stereo spatialization; one of the channels is spatialized alternatively
}

Distance variance in Source

Adding ^ in front of a sound name, such as "^weapons/explode3.wav" tells the sound engine that it is a distance based sound. The left channel of the .wav is the 'near' sound that will play when the sound originates close to you, and the right channel is the 'far' sound that will play when the sound originates far from you. If the ^ mark is not used in the soundscript the sound is treated as stereo with no directionality or distance. This is a different feature than the sndlvl entry to control attenuation. This distant variant feature allows you to play two different sounds (but using only one file) and cross-fading between the two depending on how far away the sound originates.

The fade distances are hardcoded to begin at 240 world units and end at 1320 world units, and cannot be changed in custom maps or mods.

See also

• ambient_generic
• Soundscape
• Left 4 Dead Soundscripts
• Podcast 17 Mike Morasky Interview - Discussion about audio production and insight into the evolution of the sound system.

References

• src/public/soundflags.h
• src/public/soundchars.h
• scripts/game_sounds_header.txt
• scripts/game_sounds.txt
• scripts/game_sounds_manifest.txt